The significant solar proton events in 20th solar cycle for the period October 1964 to March 1970

Solar proton data are presented from observations by the Explorer 21, 28, 34 and 41 satellites. The NASA Solar Particle Alert Network (SPAN) solar optical and radio frequency data for the period May 1967 to March 1970 are associated with the proton events observed by the Explorer 34 and 41 satellites; however, missing data are supplemented with data recorded at other international observatories. From a radiation hazard standpoint, NASA is concerned with solar proton events of the order of 10 to the 8th power proton/sq cm. Radiation dose data are presented for some of the large proton events that have occurred thus far in the 20th solar cycle and are compared with some of the large proton events of the 19th solar cycle. Finally, the results of a simple parametric correlation study are presented for both the 19th and 20th solar cycles

On resolving singularities

Let V be an irreducible affine algebraic variety over a field k of characteristic zero, and let (f_0,...,f_m) be a sequence of elements of the coordinate ring. There is probably no elementary condition on the f_i and their derivatives which determines whether the blowup of V along (f_0,...,f_m) is nonsingular. The result is that there indeed is such an elementary condition, involving the first and second derivatives of the $f_i,$ provided we admit certain singular blowups, all of which can be resolved by an additional Nash blowup. There is is a particular explicit sequence of ideals R=J_0, J_1, J_2,... \subset R so that V_i=Bl_{J_i}V is the i'th Nash blowup of V, with J_i|J_{i+1} for all i. Applying our earlier paper, V_i is nonsingular if and only if the ideal class of J_{i+1} divides some power of the ideal class of J_i. The present paper brings things down to earth considerably: such a divisibility of ideal classes implies that for some N\ge r+2 J_i^{N-r-2}J_{i+1}^{r+3}=J_i^NJ_{i+2}. Yet note that this identity in turn implies J_{i+2} is a divisor of some power of J_{i+1}. Thus although $V_i$ may fail to be nonsingular, when the identity holds the {\it next} variety V_{i+1} must be nonsingular. Thus the Nash question is equivalent to the assertion that the identity above holds for some sufficiently large i and N

Linguistically informed and corpus informed morphological analysis of Arabic

Standard English PoS-taggers generally involve tag-assignment (via dictionary-lookup etc) followed by tag-disambiguation (via a context model, e.g. PoS-ngrams or Brill transformations). We want to PoS-tag our Arabic Corpus, but evaluation of existing PoS-taggers has highlighted shortcomings; in particular, about a quarter of all word tokens are not assigned a fully correct morphological analysis. Tag-assignment is significantly more complex for Arabic. An Arabic lemmatiser program can extract the stem or root, but this is not enough for full PoS-tagging; words should be decomposed into five parts: proclitics, prefixes, stem or root, suffixes and postclitics. The morphological analyser should then add the appropriate linguistic information to each of these parts of the word; in effect, instead of a tag for a word, we need a subtag for each part (and possibly multiple subtags if there are multiple proclitics, prefixes, suffixes and postclitics). Many challenges face the implementation of Arabic morphology, the rich “root-and-pattern” nonconcatenative (or nonlinear) morphology and the highly complex word formation process of root and patterns, especially if one or two long vowels are part of the root letters. Moreover, the orthographic issues of Arabic such as short vowels ( َ ُ ِ ), Hamzah (ء أ إ ؤ ئ), Taa’ Marboutah ( ة ) and Ha’ ( ه ), Ya’ ( ي ) and Alif Maksorah( ى ) , Shaddah ( ّ ) or gemination, and Maddah ( آ ) or extension which is a compound letter of Hamzah and Alif ( أا ). Our morphological analyzer uses linguistic knowledge of the language as well as corpora to verify the linguistic information. To understand the problem, we started by analyzing fifteen established Arabic language dictionaries, to build a broad-coverage lexicon which contains not only roots and single words but also multi-word expressions, idioms, collocations requiring special part-of-speech assignment, and words with special part-of-speech tags. The next stage of research was a detailed analysis and classification of Arabic language roots to address the “tail” of hard cases for existing morphological analyzers, and analysis of the roots, word-root combinations and the coverage of each root category of the Qur’an and the word-root information stored in our lexicon. From authoritative Arabic grammar books, we extracted and generated comprehensive lists of affixes, clitics and patterns. These lists were then cross-checked by analyzing words of three corpora: the Qur’an, the Corpus of Contemporary Arabic and Penn Arabic Treebank (as well as our Lexicon, considered as a fourth cross-check corpus). We also developed a novel algorithm that generates the correct pattern of the words, which deals with the orthographic issues of the Arabic language and other word derivation issues, such as the elimination or substitution of root letters

Anisotropic dynamics in a shaken granular dimer gas experiment

The dynamics, velocity fluctuations, and particle-plate interactions for a 2D granular gas of shaken, non-spherical particles are studied experimentally. The experiment consists of a horizontal plate that is vertically oscillated to drive the dynamics of macroscopic dimers, spherical pairs that are loosely connected by a rod that couple the interaction each of the spheres has with the shaking plate. The extended nature of the particles results in more than one energy-momentum transfer between the plate and each dimer per shaking cycle. This complex interaction results in anisotropic behavior for the dimer that is a function of the shaking parameters.Comment: 10 pages and 5 figure

Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentration: State-of-the-art, 1975

Remote measurement of chlorophyll concentration of the world's oceans from satellite observations could potentially be extremely useful for assessments of productivity in large areas for which measurements by other means would be impractical. The basis of these measurements rests with the physics of the interaction of light with material dissolved and suspended in the water. It is theoretically possible to predict the nature of light upwelled from the ocean surface from a solution to the radiative transfer equation. Practically, however, this is difficult. Monte-Carlo methods presently are thought to be the most viable method to treat the general theoretical problem. With restrictive assumptions of the nature of scattering, it is possible to construct simpler models. Algorithms developed to relate chlorophyll concentration (or some other parameter, i.e., seechi depth) to the upwelled light spectrum are discussed

FAQchat as in Information Retrieval system

A chatbot is a conversational agent that interacts with users through natural languages. In this paper, we describe a new way to access information using a chatbot. The FAQ in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds has been used to retrain the ALICE chatbot system, producing FAQchat. The results returned from FAQchat are similar to ones generated by search engines such as Google. For evaluation, a comparison was made between FAQchat and Google. The main objective is to demonstrate that FAQchat is a viable alternative to Google and it can be used as a tool to access FAQ databases

FY 1998 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Compliance Monitoring Report

This report was superseded by an amended FY 1998 compliance monitoring report prepared by Eric W. Weatherby, Juvenile Probabation Officer IV, Alaska Division of Juvenile Justice, July 2001.The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) mandates removal of status offenders and nonoffenders from secure detention and correctional facilities, sight and sound separation of juveniles and adults, and removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups. In Alaska, 3 instances of status offenders held in secure detention were recorded in FY 1998, compared with 485 violations in the baseline year of CY 1976. 2 separation violations were recorded in FY 1998, representing a 99.8% reduction from the CY 1976 baseline of 824 violations. 57 jail removal violations were projected (52 (actual), representing an 93% reduction from the CY 1980 baseline.Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Family and Youth ServicesA. General Information / B. Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / C. Full Compliance Request / D. Progress Made in Achieving Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / E. Separation of Juveniles and Adults / F. Removal of Juveniles from Adult Jails and Lockups / G. De Minimis Request: Substantive / APPENDICES / I. Method of Analysis / II. Fiscal Year 1998 Violations by Offense Type and Location / III. Common Offense Acronym

FY 1999 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Compliance Monitoring Report

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) mandates removal of status offenders and nonoffenders from secure detention and correctional facilities, sight and sound separation of juveniles and adults, and removal of juveniles from adult jails and lockups. In Alaska, 12 instances of status offenders held in secure detention were recorded in FY 1999, compared with 485 violations in the baseline year of CY 1976. No separation violations were recorded in FY 1999, representing a 100% reduction from the CY 1976 baseline of 824 violations. 69 jail removal violations were projected (56 actual), representing an substantial reduction from the CY 1980 baseline. Originally completed March 2000; revised April 2000.Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Family and Youth ServicesA. General Information / B. Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / C. De Minimis Request / D. Progress Made in Achieving Removal of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders from Secure Detention and Correctional Facilities / E. Separation of Juveniles and Adults / F. Removal of Juveniles from Adult Jails and Lockups / G. De Minimis Request: Substantive / APPENDICES / I. Method of Analysis / II. Fiscal Year 1999 Violations by Offense Type and Location / III. Common Offense Acronym

Disproportionate Representation of Minorities in the Alaska Juvenile Justice System: Phase I Report

The disproportionate processing of minorities in the justice system has been noted with growing concern nationally as well as at the state level. In Alaska, as in other states, the primary basis for concern is that minorities are overrepresented among the adult prison population. The realization that this disproportionality appears in other justice system venues has led nationally to a number of research initiatives with a focus on the overrepresentation of juveniles. This report analyzes referral data from the Alaska Division of Family and Youth Services (DFYS) for 1992-1995 to provide a statistical overview of disproportionate minority contact in the Alaska juvenile justice system, providing comparative data for referrals of Alaska Native, African American, and white youth.Cook Inlet Region Inc. Alaska Division of Family and Youth Services.Disproportionality Literature / Research Methodology / Referral Events / Referral Outcomes / Analysis of Individuals / Summary and Conclusion / Bibliography / Appendix A: Referrals and Referral Distribution / Appendix B. Factors Significantly Associated with Intake Decisions / Appendix C. Logistic Regression Finding