Immunotherapy with Dialyzable Leukocyte Extracts Containing Transfer Factor

Dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) are complexes consisting of a large number of low molecular weight substances. These extracts possess immunomodulatory properties, which are mainly attributed to small peptides with molecular weight of 3.5–6.0 kDa called “transfer factor.” This chapter reviews the nature and immunological characteristics of DLE containing transfer factor (TF), their mechanism of action and the possible uses as immunomodulators in human and veterinary medicine. A main advantage of TF-preparations as immunotherapeutic agents is that they induce a rapid immune response against the pathogen (within 24 h) and thereby reduce the time for the patient immune response by 9–13 days. The low level of difficulty of the process of obtaining protocols determines their relatively low cost and the possibility to combine them with other therapeutic agents during treatment makes them subject to medical applications in the future, including against some new diseases

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR BRUCELLA OVIS DISSEMINATION AMONG GOATS (Capra aegagrus hircus)

By complement fixation test 230 blood samples from goats and he goats were examined for presence of antibodies against Brucella ovis. 134 blood samples were from goats (23 of them were from slipping goats) and 96- from he goats. The animals come from private farms in the Plovdiv and Pazardzhik regions (Southern Bulgaria). 10.87% of all tested blood samples contain antibodies against Brucella ovis. Differences in the percentage of the positive reagents of different goat categories were found. The highest percentage was among slipping goats (39.13% towards to 11.71% among the healthy goats and 3.13% among he goats). It can be concluded that goats play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. The greatest risk is slipping goats bred together with sheep flocks

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY FOR BRUCELLA OVIS DISSEMINATION AMONG GOATS (Capra aegagrus hircus) СЕРОЛОГИЧНО ПРОУЧВАНЕ НА РАЗПРОСТРАНЕНИЕТО НА Brucella ovis СРЕД КОЗИ (Capra aegagrus hircus)

ABSTrACT By complement fixation test 230 blood samples from goats and he goats were examined for presence of antibodies against Brucella ovis. 134 blood samples were from goats (23 of them were from slipping goats) and 96-from he goats. The animals come from private farms in the Plovdiv and Pazardzhik regions (Southern Bulgaria). 10.87% of all tested blood samples contain antibodies against Brucella ovis. differences in the percentage of the positive reagents of different goat categories were found. The highest percentage was among slipping goats (39.13% towards to 11.71% among the healthy goats and 3.13% among he goats). It can be concluded that goats play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. The greatest risk is slipping goats bred together with sheep flocks. Keywords: Brucella ovis, Capra aegagrus hircus, complement fixation test РЕЗЮМЕ Чрез реакция за свързване на комплемента са изследвани 230 бр. кръвни проби от кози и пръчове за наличие на антитела срещу Brucella ovis. 134 бр. кръвни проби бяха от кози (23 от тях от абортилали) и 96 от пръчове. Животните произхождат от лични стопанства в Пловдивска и Пазарджишка области. Получените резултати от изследването показаха, че 10.87% от всички изследвани кръвни проби от кози и пръчове съдържат антитела срещу Br. ovis. Бяха установени различия в процента на серореагентите при различните категории кози. Най-нисък е при пръчовете (3.13%), а най-висок е сред абортиралите кози (39.13% спрямо 11.71 % сред неабортиралите)

Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin of Fish: Potential Indicators of Ecological Biomonitoring

Anthropogenic pollution of the freshwater basins is a serious environmental problem. This has necessitated the search for different approaches to the detection of different pollutants in water bodies. Many authors point out that the hematological parameters of freshwater fish are sensitive to the action of various pollutants in freshwater basins. This chapter summarizes the results of studies on the effects of current water pollutants (heavy metals, organic matter, etc.) on erythrocytes and hemoglobin in fish. An analysis of the possibility of the use of erythrocyte damage and the change in the hemoglobin content of the tested animals for the purposes of ecological biomonitoring of freshwater pollution will be made

КЛИНИЧНИ, ХЕМАТОЛОГИЧНИ И МОРФОЛОГИЧНИ ПРОУЧВАНИЯ НА EX SITU ПРЕДИЗВИКАНА МЕДНА ИНТОКСИКАЦИЯ ПРИ КАРАКУДА (CARASSIUS GIBELIO)

The influence of increasing concentrations of copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) on Crucian carp (Carassius gibelio) was investigated. The clinical signs, the morphologic changes in the spleen and gills, and the alterations in red blood cells were analyzed. The concentrations tested were respectively 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.l-1. Various clinical symptoms were observed resulting from damaged oxygen transport, hemorrhages being the most frequent. Also, different concentrations of copper caused three various types of anemia. Pathological alterations caused by compensatory reactions refеr to the adaptation of Carassius gibelio to the hypoxia, caused by the pathologic changes in gills and the anemia that occurred.Проучено е влиянието на нарастващи концентрации меден сулфат (CuSO4.5H2O) върху външния вид, поведението, показателите на червената къвна картина, както и върху хистоструктурата на хриле и слезка на каракуда (Carassius gibelio). Концентрацията на медния сулфат беше съответно 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.l-1. Наблюдавани бяха разнообразни клинични промени, обусловени от нарушения в транспорта на кислорода, като най-често срещани бяха кръвоизливите. Установено бе също, че различните медни концентрации предизвикват три различни типа анемия. Патологичните промени в изследваните органи са основно от компенсаторен тип, свързани с адаптацията на Carassius gibelio към хипоксията и анемията