A Modified UK Real Value/Short-Cut DCF Model for the Valuation of a Nigerian Sub-Leased Commercial Property

A UK real value/short-cut DCF model that addresses the valuation of geared profit rents generated by sub-let commercial investment properties especially in climes with nationalized land policy has been elusive. This study examines the modification of the extant UK real value/short-cut DCF model for the valuation of head-leased occupancy rights with fixed and non-revisable ground rents pursuant to the provisions of the Nigeria Land Use Act. The model is developed by blending the inputs of the modified rational model with that of the Crosby's real value/short-cut DCF model leading to a valuation model that appears simplified compared to the existing UK contemporary value models. The gearing effect for the hypothetical case of sub-let head-lease occupancy right in Nigeria is manifested as having a diminishing impact of fixed ground rent on profit rent calculation. For the valuation case study involving this hypothetical head-leased occupancy right in Nigeria, it was found that the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model produced valuation that is identical to those churned out from the full DCF, modified rational, and Crosby's real value/short-cut DCF models. For the same hypothetical case study, less than 1% difference is observed between valuations from the all risks real yield (ARRY) model, which evolved in New Zealand and the valuation produced from the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model, thereby validating all methods against each other. In consonance with the International Valuation Standards pertaining to income valuation approach, a sustained pedagogy of emerging real value models alongside the extant nominal valuation models is suggested as a way forward. Nevertheless, the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model is recommended as an alternative to the extant variants of real value and explicit DCF techniques for the valuation of sub-let head-lease occupancy rights with fixed/non-revisable ground rents payable especially in climes with nationalized land policy

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of two Hydrocynus species in Lake Kainji, Nigeria

In the study and understanding of fish biology, characterization and morphology, the length-weight relationship is of great importance. The genus Hydrocynus, is of high economic importance to the fisheries of Lake Kainji. This study investigated their length-weight relationship to establish the growth pattern of species within this genus. The ‘b’ values of the length-weight relationship for these species are less than 3. There was negative allometric growth (b<3) for all samples of the Hydrocynus species. The correlation coefficients (r) are 0.9713 and 0.9888, for Hydrocynus forskali and H.brevis respectively. Condition factors ranged from 1.313 for H. forskali to 1.431 for H. brevis

Micro-credit: financing fish production in Nigeria - a review

Microfinance refers to loans, savings, insurance, transfer services and other financial products targeted at low-income people. Artisanal fishing is a crucial source of livelihoods in developing nations, particularly for low-income families in rural areas where job options are limited. Nigeria depends heavily on revenues from natural resources, especially oil hence income from fishing is particularly important to Nigeria. Aquaculture is also being practiced with a growth rate that has increased over the years. Sources of funding for the operators of these sectors of the economy who are mostly poor peasants will ensure sustainable production and income generation. Informal microfinance groups have existed before the advent of formal microfinance. Microfinance institutions in Nigeria operate in an environment that is dominated by commercial banks. However, their high deposit rate makes them attractive to the low income group. This paper examines the emergence of microfinance institutions, their contributions to fisheries and aquaculture and constraints to be overcome to enable them serve the fisheries and aquaculture sector better

Inequalities in multimorbidity in South Africa

BACKGROUND: Very little is known about socioeconomic related inequalities in multimorbidity, especially in developing countries. Traditionally, studies on health inequalities have mainly focused on a single disease condition or different conditions in isolation. This paper examines socioeconomic inequality in multimorbidity in illness and disability in South Africa between 2005 and 2008. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 rounds of the nationally representative annual South African General Household Surveys (GHS). Indirectly standardised concentration indices were used to assess socioeconomic inequality. A proxy index of socioeconomic status was constructed, for each year, using a selected set of variables that are available in all the GHS rounds. Multimorbidity in illness and disability were constructed using data on nine illnesses and six disabilities contained in the GHS. RESULTS: Multimorbidity affects a substantial number of South Africans. Most often, based on the nine illness conditions and six disability conditions considered, multimorbidity in illness and multimorbidity in disability are each found to involve only two conditions. In 2008 in South Africa, the multimorbidity that affected the greatest number of individuals (0.6% of the population) combined high blood pressure (BP) with at least one other illness. The combination of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and other condition or conditions is the least reported (i.e. 0.02% of the population). Between 2005 and 2008, multimorbidity in illness and disability is more prevalent among the poor; in disabilities this is yet more consistent. The concentration index of multiple illnesses in 2005 and 2008 are 0.0009 and 0.0006 respectively. The corresponding values for multiple disabilities are 0.0006 and 0.0006 respectively. CONCLUSION: While there is a dearth of information on the socioeconomic distribution of multimorbidity in many developing countries, this paper has shown that its distribution in South Africa indicates that the poor bear a greater burden of multimorbidity. This is more so for disability than for illness. This paper argues that, given the high burden and skewed socioeconomic distribution of multimorbidity, there is a need to design policies to address this situation. Further, there is a need to design surveys that specifically assess multimorbidity

A Modified UK Real Value/Short-Cut DCF Model for the Valuation of a Nigerian Sub-Leased Commercial Property

A UK real value/short-cut DCF model that addresses the valuation of geared profit rents generated by sub-let commercial investment properties especially in climes with nationalized land policy has been elusive. This study examines the modification of the extant UK real value/short-cut DCF model for the valuation of head-leased occupancy rights with fixed and non-revisable ground rents pursuant to the provisions of the Nigeria Land Use Act. The model is developed by blending the inputs of the modified rational model with that of the Crosby's real value/short-cut DCF model leading to a valuation model that appears simplified compared to the existing UK contemporary value models. The gearing effect for the hypothetical case of sub-let head-lease occupancy right in Nigeria is manifested as having a diminishing impact of fixed ground rent on profit rent calculation. For the valuation case study involving this hypothetical head-leased occupancy right in Nigeria, it was found that the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model produced valuation that is identical to those churned out from the full DCF, modified rational, and Crosby's real value/short-cut DCF models. For the same hypothetical case study, less than 1% difference is observed between valuations from the all risks real yield (ARRY) model, which evolved in New Zealand and the valuation produced from the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model, thereby validating all methods against each other. In consonance with the International Valuation Standards pertaining to income valuation approach, a sustained pedagogy of emerging real value models alongside the extant nominal valuation models is suggested as a way forward. Nevertheless, the modified UK real value/short-cut DCF model is recommended as an alternative to the extant variants of real value and explicit DCF techniques for the valuation of sub-let head-lease occupancy rights with fixed/non-revisable ground rents payable especially in climes with nationalized land policy

Estimating the willingness to pay for community healthcare insurance in rural Nigeria

Health care financing in Nigeria is dominated by private out-of-pocket payment that is not affordable to the poor. This has greatly reduced access to quality health care for the predominantly rural poor. Insurance schemes as options for increasing access to health care services have not received considerable attention in Nigeria. In this regard, a community health prepayment scheme is proposed, and the Contingent Valuation Method is used to investigate the willingness of rural households to pay for this scheme. Contributing through agricultural commodities produced statistically higher estimates than through direct cash. Also, by incorporating uncertainty in responses using the Random Valuation Model, higher contribution amounts were obtained. This provides an option for its use in healthcare contingent valuation studies where respondents are uncertain about their true responses. The groups that are willing to pay lesser amounts into the scheme as compared with their counterparts are women, the less educated, and the less wealthy households.Health care financing, Prepayment scheme, contingent valuation, willingness to pay, dichotomous choice, uncertainy, random valuation, stochastic payment card

An assessment of the informal water sector in the provision of water supply services to consumers in Idah town, Nigeria

In this write up, the characteristics and role of the informal water supply sector in the provision of water services in Idah Town Nigeria have been researched, assessed and presented. The assessment has revealed that there are three major classes of the informal sector involved in water services provision namely; the water supply tankers, sachet water producers and the water borehole shops. The study has shown that much needed to be done by way of regulation to improve not only the quality of service delivery but also the quality of the commodity; that is; water in order to achieve satisfactory water services in Idah in the bid to attain the global feat of improved water supply

Does the distribution of health care benefits in Kenya meet the principles of universal coverage?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The 58^thWorld Health Assembly called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage where everyone has access to key promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health interventions at an affordable cost. Universal coverage involves ensuring that health care benefits are distributed on the basis of need for care and not on ability to pay. The distribution of health care benefits is therefore an important policy question, which health systems should address. The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of health care benefits in the Kenyan health system, compare changes over two time periods and demonstrate the extent to which the distribution meets the principles of universal coverage.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two nationally representative cross-sectional households surveys conducted in 2003 and 2007 were the main sources of data. A comprehensive analysis of the entire health system is conducted including the public sector, private-not-for-profit and private-for-profit sectors. Standard benefit incidence analysis techniques were applied and adopted to allow application to private sector services.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The three sectors recorded similar levels of pro-rich distribution in 2003, but in 2007, the private-not-for-profit sector was pro-poor, public sector benefits showed an equal distribution, while the private-for-profit sector remained pro-rich. Larger pro-rich disparities were recorded for inpatient compared to outpatient benefits at the hospital level, but primary health care services were pro-poor. Benefits were distributed on the basis of ability to pay and not on need for care.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The principles of universal coverage require that all should benefit from health care according to need. The Kenyan health sector is clearly inequitable and benefits are not distributed on the basis of need. Deliberate efforts should be directed to restructuring the Kenyan health system to address access barriers and ensure that all Kenyans benefit from health care when they need it.</p

Toxicity of herbicide Propanil on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

A static bioassay method to determine the acute toxicity of the herbicide propanil to Oreochromis niloticus was investigated under Laboratory conditions for 96 hours exposure period. Concentrations of propanil used include: 0.0096ml/l, 0.0103ml/l, 0.011ml/l and 0.012ml/l respectively. The lethal concentration (LC50) value of propanil on fingerlings of Oreochromis niloticus was 0.0097ml/l for 96 hours of exposure. The regression equation for probit kill from propanil was found to be Y = 29.84 + 12.33* log conc. (r2 0.9951, Y = Probit kill). Fish showed various abnormal behaviours upon exposure to propanil. Immediate reaction was erratic swimming and tendency to jump out of the test bowl. Others include: restlessness, un-coordinated movement, vertical swimming, air gulping, equilibrium loss, a period of quiescence and eventually death

Stock assessment of shrimps and prawn species of the Lower Benue and Niger River, Nigeria

The shrimps were collected from three sampling sites: on the River Benue at Makurdi, Benue state, on the River Niger at Jebba and Lokoja and Idah at Kogi state from January to April, 2011. Macrobrachium felicinum and Atya gabonensis were sampled during this period, with Atya gabonensis occurring more abundantly. Condition factors of freshwater shrimps Atya gabonensis from the two water bodies in Nigeria range from 1.875for species in Jebba in March to 3.330 for Lokoja in March. The parameter ”b” of the length - weight relationship of the fresh water shrimps are less than three (rangingfrom 1.0233 for species from Lokoja in April to 2.7717 for species from Makurdi in Feburary). These values suggest negative allometric growth. The length frequency of freshwater shrimps sampled shows that peak populations of length groups occurred in April for species from Jebba and Makurdi while peaks occurred in January for species from Lokoja.Peak frequencies were observed in length of 4.0 - 5. 4cm and 8.5 - 9.9cm in January as well as 5.5 -6.9cm for species from Lokoja and in the group of 5.5 - 6.9cm in April for species from Makurdi and 7.0-8.4cm in April for both Makurdi and Jebba