Surface Mixed Layer Profile of Physical and Biogeochemical Variables in the Subpolar North-West and -East Atlantic Ocean: A Data-Model Comparison Study

This paper presents a study of physical and biogeochemical variables using numerical model and mixed layer oceanographic data from a 2 - 3 year in situ measurements in the Northwestern and Northeastern sites of the Atlantic Ocean. Model outputs are presented and indicated that very good estimates may be obtained. The outputs showed considerable agreement in reproducing seasonal distributions of pCO2, pCO2-T, pCO2-nonT, mixed layer temperature, and chlorophyll-a in both winter and summer, and therefore provide useful physical and theoretical understanding of their biogeochemistry. The model pCO2 indicated a distinct temporal variability with seasonal changes coinciding with the change in sea surface temperature. It also provides an agreement that there is a strong seasonal cycle of mixed layer parameters filliped by nonthermal and physical factors. As an outgrowth of this work, the pCO2 model outputs affirm the North Atlantic Ocean capacity as an important oceanographic sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxid

Review

Previous surgical procedures devised for intractable pain are the excision of painful area of the skin, peripheral neurotomy, intraspinal or intracranial posterior rhizotomies, anterolateral spinal cordotomy, spinothalamic tractotomy at medulla and mesencephalon for the pain of organic origin, and the prefrontal lobotomy for psychogenic pain. Unfortunately, these procedures are followed either by disturbance of physiologic sensory function or by changes of affect and personality. Partial gasserian gangliolysis successfully alleviated the trigeminal neuralgia without significant sensory disturbance of the face. Recent advances in stereotaxic technique has enabled us to attack the thalamus and other deep subcortical centers. This new method, together with recent neuroanatomico-physiological progress in regard to pain tract through intralaminar nuclear complex, resulted in discovery of thalamotomy destroying the nucleus centrum medianum with or without adjacent intralaminar nuclei, which eliminates the organic pain without any detectable sensory deficit. Anterior cingulectomy or cingulumotomy has developed to alleviate the psychogenic pain without psychological changes. These are the ideal pain-relieving procedures. A new method of percutaneous cervical cordotomy can be safely used for the debilitated patients with terminal malignant diseases

Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Equatorial Ecosystems Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

race metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) concentrations in benthic sediments were analyzed through multi-step fractionation scheme to assess the levels and sources of contamination in estuarine, riverine and freshwater ecosystems in Niger Delta (Nigeria). The degree of contamination was assessed using the individual contamination factors (ICF) and global contamination factor (GCF). Multivariate statistical approaches including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and correlation test were employed to evaluate the interrelationships and associated sources of contamination. The spatial distribution of metal concentrations followed the pattern Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Ni. Ecological risk index by ICF showed significant potential mobility and bioavailability for Cu, Cu and Ni. The ICF contamination trend in the benthic sediments at all studied sites was Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Pb. The principal component and agglomerative clustering analyses indicate that trace metals contamination in the ecosystems was influenced by multiple pollution sources

Multidrug resistance and demography of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Cross River State, Nigeria

Setting: Nigeria has the world's fourth largest tuberculosis burden, and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a serious public health problem. Objectives: To describe the demography of TB patients and determine the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to the major TB drugs. Methods: One hundred and thirty-seven newly diagnosed TB patients (26 (19%) being HIV positive) from all age groups were recruited into the study. Each specimen was cultured using BACTEC MGIT960, followed by inoculation and growth on Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) medium. Primary identification was carried out using an immunochromatographic technique (Capilia TB-Neo), and further confirmed by genotyping. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was carried out by the agar proportion method. Results: Of the 97 pure mycobacterial cultures on LJ medium, 81 (83.5%) isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis complex, while 16 (16.5%) were Capilia negative. DST was carried out on 58 isolates. The drug susceptibility pattern showed that resistance occurred in 16 (27.6%) for streptomycin, 11 (19%) for isoniazid, 9 (16%) for rifampicin, and 10 (17.2%) for ethambutol. Rifampicin monoresistance occurred in 2 (3.4%) cases. MDR (combined resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin), also involving resistance to streptomycin and ethambutol, occurred in 6/58 (10.3%) isolates; although laboratory cross-contamination could not be excluded in 4/6 MDR strains with identical MIRU patterns characterized by consecutive strain numbers. Considering that first out of these 4 isolates was not due to laboratory carryover, the results of this study still report a minimal MDR-TB rate of 3/58 (5.2%) among newly diagnosed TB patients in Cross River State, Nigeria. Conclusions: An increase in drug resistance was observed in this study as compared with previous studies in the country. Hence, introduction of culture in routine diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratories will prevent the emergence and dissemination of MDR-TB, while improved quality control strategies would in parallel prevent laboratory cross-contamination, thereby reducing mislabeling, unnecessary treatment, and drug toxicity for patients

Geochemical fractionation scheme of trace metals adopted for present study.

<p>Geochemical fractionation scheme of trace metals adopted for present study.</p

Loadings of two principal components for benthic sedimentary variables.

<p>Loadings of two principal components for benthic sedimentary variables.</p

Hierarchical clustering analysis (Ward's Method) showing the relevant association among the parameters.

<p>Distance metrics are based on the Euclidean distance single linkage method (proximity matrix).</p