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Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background
Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories.
Methods
We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Findings
In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs.
Interpretation
Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behavior Among Reproductive-Age Men in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey 2016
Melash Belachew Asresie,1 Daniel Tarekegn Worede2 1Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Melash Belachew Asresie, Tel +251920774471, Email [email protected]: Risky sexual behavior is defined as engaging in sexual activities that increase the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, both of which are global public health issues, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors associated with risky sexual behaviors among sexually active men in Ethiopia.Methods: We analyzed data on 8, 103 men aged 15– 59 years obtained from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with risky sexual behavior. Statistical significance was defined at a 95% confidence interval (CI) with a p-value less than 0.05.Results: Overall, 13.6% (95% CI: 12.8– 14.3) of men were engaged in risky sexual behavior. Men who were married (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.02, 95% CI: 0.01– 0.03) and residing in agrarian-dominated regions (AOR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.44– 0.76) were less likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. On the other hand, men who had alcohol-drinking habits (AOR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.99), and initiated sexual activity before the age of 18 (AOR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.26– 1.99), those with primary education (AOR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.01– 1.72) or secondary education (AOR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.20– 2.26), and those who were Muslim (AOR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.32– 2.60) or other religion followers (AOR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.44– 2.76) were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior.Conclusion: Risky sexual behavior was significantly associated with marital status, geographic location, alcohol consumption, age of first sexual experience, religion, and educational level, which highlights the importance of encouraging men to avoid early sexual activities and to abstain from consuming alcohol. Moreover, a greater emphasis should be placed on initiatives that promote safer sexual behaviors, particularly targeting men living in pastoral regions, unmarried individuals, and Muslim religious followers.Keywords: sexual behavior, men, associated factors, Ethiopia, EDH