``Built more for use than show\u27\u27: Reception of the Beaumont and Fletcher canon, 1607--1685

The dissertation presents the Beaumont and Fletcher canon in an interpretive light that traces, through adaptations written during the Caroline reign, Interregnum, and Restoration, developments that solidified its affiliation with royal prerogative. Contrary to previously-held notions, recent examinations of the Beaumont and Fletcher canon reveal that these playwrights rarely advocated Stuart ideology. Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s popularity throughout the seventeenth century instead relied upon later royalists\u27 appropriations of their canon; subsequently, their undeserved monarchic affiliation informed later centuries\u27 more negative perceptions of them. The dissertation illustrates seventeenth-century culture\u27s role in shaping the important themes, accepted concerns, and inclinations of Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s canon for both itself and for succeeding centuries.^ From the early seventeenth century to the present, Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s aristocratic ties dictate nearly all critical appraisals. Their employment at Blackfriars, masque participation, and reluctance to openly mock court behavior--especially during the actual years of collaboration--further strengthens critics\u27 pro-monarchical readings. Yet, as recent cultural and literary studies suggest, the Beaumont and Fletcher canon, like that of Shakespeare and Jonson, often displays simultaneously a subversive and transgressive poetics alongside its seemingly pro-monarchical ideology, one which questions hierarchized political systems operating under Elizabeth and the Stuarts.^ These transgressive poetics increase after Beaumont\u27s 1613 retirement, when Fletcher wrote alone or collaborated with others, including Shakespeare. By Fletcher\u27s 1625 death, much of the canon shows a less subservient bent. However, succeeding seventeenth-century dramatists removed these subversive passages and temporarily lifted the playwrights to a status more favored than even Shakespeare. While these alterations further popularized the canon, they also intensified the royalist conception of Beaumont and Fletcher. The adapters fashioned the texts into royalist propaganda, culminating in the publication of Humphrey Mosely\u27s 1647 folio. After Mosely\u27s publication, Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s status as absolute monarchist advocates fully emerged. Victorious Royalist factions in 1660 advanced this conception even further by staging these productions.^ This stage dominance soon led, however, to a rapid popular decline. Royalist affiliation became permanently associated with Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s works in a time increasingly moving away from the absolutism accompanying the monarch. While the adapters increased Beaumont and Fletcher\u27s royal affiliations, they thus tainted the canon for future generations who began to see both playwrights as mere puppets of the once absolute Tudor and Stuart courts. And as the theaters aligned themselves with a more bourgeois audience who preferred Shakespeare and Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher faded from the stage, and, more importantly to future generations, from the canon.

COVID-19: How has a global pandemic changed manual therapy technique education in chiropractic programs around the world?

Background: Manual therapy is a cornerstone of chiropractic education, whereby students work towards a level of skill and expertise that is regarded as competent to work within the field of chiropractic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, chiropractic programs in every region around the world had to make rapid changes to the delivery of manual therapy technique education, however what those changes looked like was unknown. Aims: The aims of this study were to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver education for manual therapy techniques and to summarise the experience of academics who teach manual therapy techniques during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver manual therapy technique education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chiropractic programs were identified from the webpages of the Councils on Chiropractic Education International and the Council on Chiropractic Education – USA. Between May and June 2020, a convenience sample of academics who lead or teach in manual therapy technique in those programs were invited via email to participate in an online survey with open-ended questions. Responses were entered into the NVivo software program and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis by a qualitative researcher independent to the data collection