Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest and Disease Management- A Review

This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the role of entomopathogenic microbes in insect pest and disease management. The study covers the taxonomy and classification of these organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, all of which have shown efficacy in controlling various insect pests. Entomopathogenic microbes represent a valuable, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, highlighting their significant role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The review reveals that entomopathogenic microbes affect pests at different developmental stages through various mechanisms, including disease induction, parasitism, and competition for resources. The effects are not just lethal but also sub-lethal, affecting pest reproductive capacity, growth, and development. The microbes secondary metabolites often have antimicrobial properties, contributing to plant disease management by suppressing plant pathogens. Despite their promising potential, challenges exist in the widespread application of these microbes. Factors such as formulation, delivery, and environmental conditions can influence their effectiveness. The paper also discusses the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in understanding the complex interactions between microbes, insects, and plants, which could lead to the development of more targeted and efficient bio-control agents. The review outlines future directions for this field, emphasizing the necessity for more extensive research to enhance our understanding of entomopathogenic microbes, optimize their use, overcome the current challenges, and harness their potential for sustainable pest and disease management. The need for regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective utilization is also underscored. This paper underscores the untapped potential of entomopathogenic microbes as acritical component of sustainable agriculture

Med treatment increases the expression of osteogenic markers at the site of new bone regeneration.

<p><b>(A)</b> mRNA transcript levels of Runx-2, OCN and TGF-β. Data represent three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SEM with 95% confidence interval. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA method followed by the Newman–Keuls test of significance using Prism version 3.0 software. ***<i>P</i>< 0.001 compared with Ovx + vehicle group; **<i>P</i>< 0.01compared with Ovx + vehicle group. <b>(B)</b> Med treatment to Ovx rats promotes immunohistochemical localization of Runx-2 and OCN in the area surrounding the drill hole injury area compared to Sham and Ovx control groups.</p

Hematoxylin and eosin staining of newly regenerated bone at the injury site and immunoflourescence analysis of the co localization of β-catenin and ALP in femoral bone sections at the injury site.

<p>Immunofluorescence staining of β-catenin (green) and ALP (red) was performed. Co localization of two molecules is demonstrated in merged yellow image. Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Auto fluorescence images were taken in red and green channel for each panel for normalizing the background.</p

Medicarpin heals cortical bone defects by activating Wnt canonical signaling pathway.

<p><b>(A)</b> qPCR analysis of Wnt signaling components like β-catenin, GSK-3β, Dvl, Fzd and Lrp5. <b>(B)</b> Western blot analysis and densitometric analyses of phospho and non-phospho β-catenin, GSK-3β and LEF-1. <b>(C)</b> Med treatment to Ovx rats promotes immunohistochemical localization of β-catenin in the area surrounding the drill hole injury area compared to Sham and Ovx control groups and was equivalent to PTH treatment group. Data represent three independent experiments and expressed as mean ± SEM with 95% confidence interval. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA method followed by the Newman–Keuls test of significance using Prism version 3.0 software. ***<i>P</i>< 0.001 compared with Ovx + vehicle group; **<i>P</i>< 0.01compared with Ovx + vehicle group; *<i>P</i>< 0.05compared with Ovx + vehicle group.</p