311 research outputs found
Ethnicity and Earnings: An Analysis of Data for Karachi
Pakistan is today, a case study in ethnic strife. Carved out of pre- Independence India in 1947, the country is home to five broad ethnic groups: Punjabis (the dominant segment of the population), Balochis, Pathans and Sindhis. Each has a distinctive culture and language. In spite of broad similarities stemming from a common religion (more than 98 percent of the population is Muslim), several factors combine to create dissension and discord. The fifth ethnic group in Pakistan are the Muhajirs (which literally translates to “Immigrants”) who migrated to Pakistan in large numbers from India in 1947. Most of them settled in Karachi. Pakistan’s largest city, a teeming port city with a current population of around 12 million. Charges of favouritism in the award of jobs abound, and the Muhajirs in particular allege that, not being “sons of the soil,” they are singled out for discriminatory treatment. Given that this is the case, it is surprising that no study has been carried out to ascertain if indeed, earnings differences originate from ethnic differences in Pakistan. This study attempts to examine this issue, and thus settle questions that have led to many a pitched argument.
Ethnicity and Earnings: An Analysis of Data for Karachi
Pakistan is today, a case study in ethnic strife. Carved out
of pre- Independence India in 1947, the country is home to five broad
ethnic groups: Punjabis (the dominant segment of the population),
Balochis, Pathans and Sindhis. Each has a distinctive culture and
language. In spite of broad similarities stemming from a common religion
(more than 98 percent of the population is Muslim), several factors
combine to create dissension and discord. The fifth ethnic group in
Pakistan are the Muhajirs (which literally translates to “Immigrants”)
who migrated to Pakistan in large numbers from India in 1947. Most of
them settled in Karachi. Pakistan’s largest city, a teeming port city
with a current population of around 12 million. Charges of favouritism
in the award of jobs abound, and the Muhajirs in particular allege that,
not being “sons of the soil,” they are singled out for discriminatory
treatment. Given that this is the case, it is surprising that no study
has been carried out to ascertain if indeed, earnings differences
originate from ethnic differences in Pakistan. This study attempts to
examine this issue, and thus settle questions that have led to many a
pitched argument
An Analysis of the Male-Female Earnings Differential in Pakistan
Several articles have examined the status of women in
developing countries. But while numerous studies have attempted to
estimate the extent of wage discrimination against women in the west,
few such studies have been conducted for Third World cOWltries. The only
such published study for Pakistan appears to be Ashraf and Ashrafs
(1993) examination of the gender earnings differential for Rawalpindi
City. Given the very restricted sample (based on just one city in
Pakistan) and the relatively dated data (from 1975) used in that study,
a need clearly exists for a more comprehensive examination of earnings
by gender. This article represents the first intensive look into
male-female earnings differentials, not only for Pakistan as a whole,
but for each of its four provinces individually as well. Gender earnings
differentials have also been calculated for a number of industrial
subgroups. Computations have been made for the years 1979 and 1985-86.1
This allows the trend in the gender earnings gap to be tracked over that
period. Data from the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys are used
in the estimations for both the Oaxaca (1973) model as well as the more
recently developed Cotton (1988) and Neumark (1988) models. A new twist
is the incorporation of correction for selectivity bias in the sample
data which strengthens the methodological underpinnings of the
model
Volatility at Karachi Stock Exchange
Frequent “crashes” of the stock market reported during the
year 1994 suggest that the Karachi bourse is rapidly converting into a
volatile market. This cannot be viewed as a positive sign for this
developing market of South Asia. Though heavy fluctuations in stock
prices are not an unusual phenomena and it has been observed at almost
all big and small exchanges of the world. Focusing on the reasons for
such fluctuations is instructive and likely to have important policy
implications. Proponents of the efficient market hypothesis argue that
changes in stock prices are mainly dependent on the arrival of
information regarding the expected returns from the stock. However, Fama
(1965), French (1980), and French and Rolls (1986) observed that
volatility is to some extent caused by trading itself. Portfolio
insurance schemes also have the potential to increase volatility. Brady
Commission’s Report provides useful insights into the effect of
portfolio insurance schemes. It is interesting to note that many
analysts consider the so-called “crashes” of Karachi stock market as a
deliberate move to bring down prices. An attempt is made in this study
to examine the effect of trading on the volatility of stock prices at
Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). Findings of the study will help understand
the mechanism of the rise and fall of stock prices at the Karachi
bourse
Reichenbach Fuzzy Set of Transitivity
Fuzzy implicators are the basic ingredients of many applications. So it becomes essential to study the various features of an implicator before implementing it in any practical application. This paper discusses the properties of transitivity of a fuzzy relation on a given universe and measure of fuzzy transitivity defined in terms of the Reichenbach fuzzy implicator which is an s-implicator
The Effects of Unions on Wages: Findings from Pooled Data
Cross-section and time-series data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1967 to 1981 are pooled generating a data set large enough to allow calculation of union-nonunion wage differentials for as many as 260 subgroups in the population. No previous study has examined as many groups. The diversity of groups considered within the framework of a common model and identical variable definitions allows a more precise intergroup comparison of union wage effects than has been possible hitherto. Many of the earlier results in the literature are supported, while some fresh ones are found.Nonunion; Union; Wage
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