Body mass index, high blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and smoking prevalence by state and sex.

<p>All outcome variables in this figure have been age-standardized using the Global Burden of Disease project’s 2013 population for India [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>]. “Smoking” refers to smoking of any tobacco products but does not include chewing of tobacco. High blood glucose was defined as a high capillary blood glucose measurement (≥7.0 mmol/l if fasted and ≥11.1 mmol/l if non-fasted) or reporting to be on regular treatment for diabetes. AN, Andaman and Nicobar Islands; AP, Andhra Pradesh; AR, Arunachal Pradesh; AS, Assam; BR, Bihar; CG, Chhattisgarh; CH, Chandigarh; DD, Daman and Diu; DL, Delhi; DN, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; GA, Goa; GJ, Gujarat; HR, Haryana; HP, Himachal Pradesh; JH, Jharkhand; JK, Jammu and Kashmir; KA, Karnataka; KL, Kerala; LD, Lakshadweep; MP, Madhya Pradesh; MH, Maharashtra; MN, Manipur; ML, Meghalaya; MZ, Mizoram; NL, Nagaland; OD, Odisha (Orissa); PB, Punjab; PY, Puducherry; RJ, Rajasthan; SK, Sikkim; TN, Tamil Nadu; TS, Telangana State; TR, Tripura; UP, Uttar Pradesh; UK, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal); WB, West Bengal.</p

Association between the age-standardized district-level mean 10-year cardiovascular disease risk and urbanization.

<p>Mean 10-year risk of a cardiovascular disease (CVD) event was calculated using the Framingham risk score. Urbanization refers to the district-level percentage of adults aged 30 to 74 years in our sample who were living in an urban area. Age standardization was to the Global Burden of Disease project’s 2013 population structure for India [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>]. The sample in each district was restricted to those aged 30 to 74 years. States and districts were divided into regions as per their allocation to Zonal Councils by the Government of India [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref039" target="_blank">39</a>]. The grey line was fitted using ordinary least squares regression (with each data point in the plot having the same weight).</p

Age-standardized state-level mean 10-year risk of a cardiovascular disease event (percent as calculated by the Framingham risk score), by age group.

<p>The Global Burden of Disease project’s 2013 population for India was used for age standardization [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>]. No data were available for Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. AN, Andaman and Nicobar Islands; AP, Andhra Pradesh; AR, Arunachal Pradesh; AS, Assam; BR, Bihar; CG, Chhattisgarh; CH, Chandigarh; DD, Daman and Diu; DL, Delhi; DN, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; GA, Goa; GJ, Gujarat; HR, Haryana; HP, Himachal Pradesh; JH, Jharkhand; JK, Jammu and Kashmir; KA, Karnataka; KL, Kerala; LD, Lakshadweep; MP, Madhya Pradesh; MH, Maharashtra; MN, Manipur; ML, Meghalaya; MZ, Mizoram; NL, Nagaland; OD, Odisha (Orissa); PB, Punjab; PY, Puducherry; RJ, Rajasthan; SK, Sikkim; TN, Tamil Nadu; TS, Telangana State; TR, Tripura; UP, Uttar Pradesh; UK, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal); WB, West Bengal.</p

Multivariable linear regression of the natural logarithm of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk on the proportion of participants in a district who live in an urban area.

<p>Multivariable linear regression of the natural logarithm of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk on the proportion of participants in a district who live in an urban area.</p

Age-standardized state-level mean 10-year risk of a cardiovascular disease event (percent as calculated by the Framingham risk score), by sex.

<p>The Global Burden of Disease project’s 2013 population for India was used for age standardization [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>]. No data were available for Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. AN, Andaman and Nicobar Islands; AP, Andhra Pradesh; AR, Arunachal Pradesh; AS, Assam; BR, Bihar; CG, Chhattisgarh; CH, Chandigarh; DD, Daman and Diu; DL, Delhi; DN, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; GA, Goa; GJ, Gujarat; HR, Haryana; HP, Himachal Pradesh; JH, Jharkhand; JK, Jammu and Kashmir; KA, Karnataka; KL, Kerala; LD, Lakshadweep; MP, Madhya Pradesh; MH, Maharashtra; MN, Manipur; ML, Meghalaya; MZ, Mizoram; NL, Nagaland; OD, Odisha (Orissa); PB, Punjab; PY, Puducherry; RJ, Rajasthan; SK, Sikkim; TN, Tamil Nadu; TS, Telangana State; TR, Tripura; UP, Uttar Pradesh; UK, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal); WB, West Bengal.</p

Multivariable linear regression of the natural logarithm of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk on district wealth quintile and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics.

<p>Multivariable linear regression of the natural logarithm of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk on district wealth quintile and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics.</p

Mean body mass index, high blood glucose prevalence, smoking prevalence, and mean systolic blood pressure by rural versus urban residence, sex, and household wealth quintile.

<p>These are crude (not age-standardized) estimates. “Smoking” refers to smoking of any tobacco products but does not include chewing of tobacco. High blood glucose was defined as a high capillary blood glucose measurement (≥7.0 mmol/l if fasted and ≥11.1 mmol/l if non-fasted) or reporting to be on regular treatment for diabetes.</p

Age-standardized state-level mean 10-year risk of a cardiovascular disease event (percent as calculated by the Framingham risk score), by rural versus urban area.

<p>The Global Burden of Disease project’s 2013 population for India was used for age standardization [<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002581#pmed.1002581.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>]. No data were available for Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. AN, Andaman and Nicobar Islands; AP, Andhra Pradesh; AR, Arunachal Pradesh; AS, Assam; BR, Bihar; CG, Chhattisgarh; CH, Chandigarh; DD, Daman and Diu; DL, Delhi; DN, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; GA, Goa; GJ, Gujarat; HR, Haryana; HP, Himachal Pradesh; JH, Jharkhand; JK, Jammu and Kashmir; KA, Karnataka; KL, Kerala; LD, Lakshadweep; MP, Madhya Pradesh; MH, Maharashtra; MN, Manipur; ML, Meghalaya; MZ, Mizoram; NL, Nagaland; OD, Odisha (Orissa); PB, Punjab; PY, Puducherry; RJ, Rajasthan; SK, Sikkim; TN, Tamil Nadu; TS, Telangana State; TR, Tripura; UP, Uttar Pradesh; UK, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal); WB, West Bengal.</p

Ordinary least squares regressions of the natural logarithm of cardiovascular risk on sociodemographic covariates and a district-level fixed effect.

<p>Ordinary least squares regressions of the natural logarithm of cardiovascular risk on sociodemographic covariates and a district-level fixed effect.</p

Crude mean 10-year cardiovascular disease risk by household wealth quintile, age group, rural versus urban location, and sex.

<p>This is the crude (i.e., not age-standardized) mean 10-year risk (in percent) of a cardiovascular disease event as calculated with the Framingham risk score.</p