Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2×107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.L. Sepúlveda thanks CONACYT for the support provided through the program “Postdoctoral stays abroad for the consolidation of research groups” with proposal number 262627. This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Zlatina Genisheva wish to thank to FCT for the financial support (SFRH/BPD/108868/2015).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Mexican Firecracker (<i>Hamelia patens</i> Jacq.): Evaluation of Bioactivities and Identification of Phytochemicals by HPLC-ESI-MS

The objective of the present work was to optimize the extraction of phytochemicals from Hamelia patens Jacq. by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to evaluate the factors solid/liquid ratio (1:8, 1:12, and 1:16), extraction time (10, 20, and 30 min), and ethanol concentration (0, 35, and 70%). Total polyphenols were the response variable. Chromatographic fractionation using Amberlite XAD-16 was carried out and the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified. The redox potential, the reduction of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the lipid oxidation inhibition were determined. Anti-bacterial activity was evaluated. The phytochemicals were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Optimal extraction conditions were a solid/liquid ratio of 1:16, ethanol of 35%, and 10 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction. Maximum polyphenol content in the crude extract was 1689.976 ± 86.430 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of dried plant material. The purified fraction showed a total polyphenols content of 3552.84 ± 7.25 mg of GAE, flavonoids 1316.17 ± 0.27 mg of catechin equivalents, and condensed tannins 1694.87 ± 22.21 mg of procyanidin B1 equivalents, all per 100 g of purified fraction. Its redox potential was 553.93 ± 1.22 mV, reducing 63.08 ± 0.42% of DPPH radical and inhibiting 77.78 ± 2.78% of lipid oxidation. The polyphenols demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus faecalis. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids

Role of the intrinsic properties of partially reduced graphene oxides on the chemical transformation of iopromide

"The role of the intrinsic properties of graphene oxide (GO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and their use as redox mediator (RM) is reported, for the first time, on the chemical transformation of iopromide (IOP), an iodinated X-ray contrast medium, under anaerobic conditions. The structural and physicochemical properties of GO containing different types of oxygenated groups, were analyzed by Boehm titrations, point of zero charge (pHPZC), pKa's distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical analysis, as well as by Raman, Fourier transform infrared and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Complete characterization of GO-based materials revealed the removal of different oxygenated groups, such as epoxy and hydroxyl groups, and a transition from an amorphous to a more crystalline structure on partially reduced GO. Moreover, when rGO materials were tested as RM, they promoted a faster and greater extent of IOP transformation up to 5.2-fold with sulfide as electron donor. Results showed a correlation between the reduction degree of GO and its ability to act as RM, which was reflected in the dehalogenation and transformation degree of IOP. Additionally, the chemical transformation pathway of IOP is proposed based on HPLC-MS analysis.

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fermentation Processes to Obtain Tannases Using Agro-Industrial Wastes

Bacteria have been used in the food industry to produce flavors, dyes, thickeners, and to increase food value, because bacterial fermentations favor the obtention of different metabolites such as tannins and different nutritional compounds in food. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was one the first species to be studied for industrial purposes, and its efficacy to obtaining tannins using fermentation processes. Bacterial fermentation helps to obtain a product with an added value of better quality and without the need to use strong solvents that can reduce their quality and safety. To release tannins, it is necessary to subject the substrate to different conditions to activate the enzyme tannin acyl hydrolase (tannase). The tannase-released compounds can have beneficial effects on health such as antioxidant, anticancer and cardioprotective properties, among others. Therefore, this review analyzes tannase release and other metabolites by fermentation processes

Green Bean, Pea and Mesquite Whole Pod Flours Nutritional and Functional Properties and Their Effect on Sourdough Bread

In this study, proximal composition, mineral analysis, polyphenolic compounds identification, and antioxidant and functional activities were determined in green bean (GBF), mesquite (MF), and pea (PF) flours. Different mixtures of legume flour and wheat flour for bread elaboration were determined by a simplex-centroid design. After that, the proximal composition, color, specific volume, polyphenol content, antioxidant activities, and functional properties of the different breads were evaluated. While GBF and PF have a higher protein content (41–47%), MF has a significant fiber content (19.9%) as well as a higher polyphenol content (474.77 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacities. It was possible to identify Ca, K, and Mg and caffeic and enolic acids in the flours. The legume–wheat mixtures affected the fiber, protein content, and the physical properties of bread. Bread with MF contained more fiber; meanwhile, PF and GBF benefit the protein content. With MF, the specific bread volume only decreased by 7%. These legume flours have the potential to increase the nutritional value of bakery goods

Animal-based organic nutrition can substitute inorganic fertigation in soilless-grown grape tomato

Purpose: In recent years, interest in plant nutrition research has arisen with a strong focus on organic forms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different organic fertilizers on growth, yield, fruit quality and polyphenol content in soilless grown grape tomatoes under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods: Tomato plants were subjected to three organic nutrient solutions, which consisted of different mixtures of several OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) certified nitrogen fertilizers of industrially processed residues: Treatment I: solid and soluble liquid fertilizers of animal raw materials, natural potassium sulphate-non-synthetic, and calcium chloride; Treatment II: solid and soluble liquid fertilizers of animal raw materials, by-product of marine raw material (soluble liquid), natural potassium sulphate-non-synthetic, and calcium chloride; and Treatment III: solid fertilizers of animal raw materials, natural potassium sulphate-non-synthetic, and calcium chloride to 100% [0-30 days after transplanting (DAT)], 125% [31-80 DAT], and 150% [>81 DAT]. The Steiner solution (SS) was used as a control (Treatment IV). Results: Yield did not differ between organic and conventional treatments, ranging from 3.04 to 3.35 kg m-2 while fresh weight in organic treatments was 3.14 compared to 3.2 kg m-2 in plants fed with the SS. No significant differences in plant height or fruit quality were found. The application of organic fertilizers positively affected the total hydrolysable and condensed polyphenols of tomato fruits compared to the control. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified, highlighting 3-Caffeoylquinic acid, salvianolic acid and 5,6-Dihydroxy-7,8,3’,4’-tetramethoxyflavone (Treatment I) and Medioresinol (Lignan) (Treatment II). Conclusions: The results indicated that organic fertilization through animal-based fertilizer application is a feasible alternative for grape tomato production under greenhouse conditions

Kinetic Study of Fungal Growth of Several Tanninolytic Strains Using Coffee Pulp Procyanidins

Procyanidins are bioactive molecules with industrial and pharmaceutical relevance, they are present in recalcitrant agro-industrial wastes that are difficult to degrade. In this study, we evaluated the potential consumption of procyanidins from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum strains in submerged fermentations. For this purpose, a culture medium containing salts, glucose, and procyanidins was formulated, where procyanidins were added to the medium after the near-total consumption of glucose. The submerged cultures were carried out in amber flasks at 30 &deg;C and 120 rpm. The addition of procyanidins to the culture medium increased the formation of micellar biomass for all the strains used. The use of glucose affected the growth of A. niger GH1 and A. niger HS1, however, in these assays, a total consumption of procyanidins was obtained. These results show that the consumption of procyanidins by fungal strains in submerged fermentations was influenced by the pH, the use of glucose as the first source of carbon, and the delayed addition of procyanidins to the medium. The study showed that A. niger and T. harzianum strains can be used as a natural strategy for the consumption or removal of procyanidins present in recalcitrant residues of risk to the environment and human health

Kinetic Study of Fungal Growth of Several Tanninolytic Strains Using Coffee Pulp Procyanidins

Procyanidins are bioactive molecules with industrial and pharmaceutical relevance, they are present in recalcitrant agro-industrial wastes that are difficult to degrade. In this study, we evaluated the potential consumption of procyanidins from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum strains in submerged fermentations. For this purpose, a culture medium containing salts, glucose, and procyanidins was formulated, where procyanidins were added to the medium after the near-total consumption of glucose. The submerged cultures were carried out in amber flasks at 30 °C and 120 rpm. The addition of procyanidins to the culture medium increased the formation of micellar biomass for all the strains used. The use of glucose affected the growth of A. niger GH1 and A. niger HS1, however, in these assays, a total consumption of procyanidins was obtained. These results show that the consumption of procyanidins by fungal strains in submerged fermentations was influenced by the pH, the use of glucose as the first source of carbon, and the delayed addition of procyanidins to the medium. The study showed that A. niger and T. harzianum strains can be used as a natural strategy for the consumption or removal of procyanidins present in recalcitrant residues of risk to the environment and human health

Improved Extraction of High Value-Added Polyphenols from Pomegranate Peel by Solid-State Fermentation

Pomegranate peel is an important source of polyphenols of remarkable interest in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The improved extraction of total polyphenolic compounds (TPC) from pomegranate peel by solid-state fermentation (SSF) was achieved. The Box, Hunter and Hunter (BHH) followed by the central composite design (CCD) processes were performed to assess the effect of the process variables on TPC release. The statistical designs indicate that the best TPC extraction (234.85 mg GAE/gdm) by means of SSF occurs at 42 °C, 50% moisture, 5.0 pH, mineral solution (g/L): NaNO3 (3.83), KH2PO4 (1.52), MgSO4 (4.66) and KCl (1.52) at 36 h. Under the best fermentation conditions TPC (248.78 ± 1.24 mgGAE/gdm) increased 5.96-fold more than values previously reported and antioxidant activity (AA) increased 5.81-fold compared to the value obtained before the SSF optimization. High-value citric acid, α and β punicalin, α and β punicalagin, punigluconin, galloyl-HHDP hexoside and ellagic acid molecules were identified. The increased extraction of TPC by SSF provides a suitable alternative for the valorization of pomegranate peel through the recovery of molecules with high added value with potential use in the food, pharmacy and cosmetic industries; a diversification in the use of food agroindustry by-products is obtained as an approach to the circular economy model through biotechnological processes