The Angevin Empire and the Community of the Realm in England

1. Simon de Montfort\u27s Administration in Gascony, 1248-1252 ---- 1 Part 1 Barons\u27 Community of the Realm in England2. Magna Carta and the Community of the Realm, 1215-1258 ---- 353. The Community of the Realm in England, 1258-1260 ---- 574. The Community of the Realm and the Baronial Reform Movement. 1258-1265 ---- 96 Part 2 Performance of the Reformist Barons\u27 Government5. Custos Pacis and Henry Ill\u27s patronage policy towards the gentry in 1264 ---- 1336. Household accounts of the countess of Leicester, 1265 ---- 162 Part 3 Discord, Reconciliation and Authority for Jurors in local society7. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s ---- 1898. The Barons\u27 War and the Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire ---- 2159. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s: the case of Armingford Hundred ---- 23610. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s: the case of Thriplow Hundred ---- 25

Cl-35 NQR study of lattice dynamic and magnetic property of a crystalline coordination polymer {CuCA(phz)(H2O)2}n

Copper(II) compounds {CuCA(phz)(H2O)2}n (H2CA = chloranilic acid, phz = phenazine) having a layer structure of -CuCA(H2O)2- polymer chains and phenazine was studied by 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). The single NQR line observed at 35.635 MHz at 261.5 K increased to 35.918 MHz at 4.2 K. The degree of reduction of electric field gradient due to lattice vibrations was similar to that of chloranilic acid crystal. Temperature dependence of spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, of the 35Cl NQR signal below 20 K, between 20 and 210 K, and above 210 K, was explained by 1) a decrease of effective electron-spin density caused by antiferromagnetic interaction, 2) a magnetic interaction between Cl nuclear-spin and electron-spins on paramagnetic Cu(II) ions, and 3) an increasing contribution from reorientation of ligand molecules, respectively. The electron spin-exchange parameter |J| between the neighboring Cu(II) electrons was estimated to be 0.33 cm−1 from the T1 value of the range 20−210 K. Comparing this value with that of J = −1.84 cm−1 estimated from the magnetic susceptibility, it is suggested that the magnetic dipolar 2 coupling with the electron spins on Cu(II) ions must be the principal mechanism for the 35Cl NQR spin-lattice relaxation of {CuCA(phz)(H2O)2}n but a delocalization of electron spin over the chloranilate ligand have to be taken into account.</p

The Return case in the context of European mercantilism

In 1673 Return, English East India Company\u27s ship despatched to Taiwan and Japan in 1671, entered in the port of Nagasaki, Japan, and asked to reopen the trade relation between Japan and England. Its arrival had been informed to the Tokugawa Shogunate beforehand by Holland East India Company, VOC, when the ship sailed out from Taiwan. The ship was immediately restrained by Nagasaki governor, who questioned the captain many times making reference to Edo Shogunate frequently. Finally the ship was ordered to leave Japan without any permission of trade. So far many Japanese historians published articles concerning this event in the context of various issues, such as Christian prohibition policy of Tokugawa Shogunate, National segregation policy of Japan, Coast Guard system of Nagasaki governor and so on. But why did the English government resume asking the Japanese government to re-establish trade relationship in 1670s, which had been closed since 1623? What had happened in the relation of two countries after fifty years of no correspondence? VOC had established good trade and political relationship with Tokugawa Shogunate before the English Government began to reconsider the reopening of the trade. In Europe England and Holland had wars three times, in 1652-54, 1665-67, and 1672-74. In Asia the two countries were in competition each other in Java, Moluccas, and Japan not politically but in trade. What did the English Company plan to form the trade relation by sending Return to Japan in the context of international mercantilism? This paper will investigate the Court Minute of the company and put a new light on the policy change of trade goods from woolen or worsted of England to calico of India

THE ROLE OF PLAYGROUND FACILITIES ON PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR PLAY ACTIVITIES IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA

This study sought to establish playground facilities factors that influence preschool children participation in outdoor play activities. The dependent variable was active participation by preschool children in outdoor play activities, while independent variables were types, safety and age appropriateness of playground facilities. The target population was preschools in Mvita sub-county. Simple Random Sampling was used to select the preschools to participate in this study. Purposive Sampling technique was used to sample respondents who were teachers handling young children between five and six years. The sample consisted of 21 pre-schools. Questionnaires for the preschool teachers and observation schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyse data. The results showed that children’s general participation in outdoor play activities was not influenced by availability or lack of adequate playground facilities. Further findings revealed that playground facilities in all schools sampled had issues with safety checks. The study suggests that schools should provide children with safe playground facilities so that children can participate in outdoor activities in a conducive and comfortable space.  Article visualizations

2-(Eth­oxy­carbon­yl)pyridinium nitrate

In the title compound, C8H10NO2 +·NO3 −, the cation is essentially planar with C—O—C—C and C—O—C—O torsion angles of −178.1 (2) and 2.1 (4)°, respectively. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions stabilize the structure

The Return case seen through the documents of Taiwan Factory of English East India Company

After a visit of Return, a trade ship of English East India Company, to Japan in 1673 to re-open trade with Japan, was refused by Tokugawa Shogunate, the Company continued to try to sell English wool to Japan and Taiwan through various routes. A factory was established in Taiwan and asked the king of Taiwan to carry English wool to Japan. But Taiwan merchants refused to accept the company\u27s request saying that Japanese merchants might dislike buying English wool. Dutch East India Company may buy English woollen cloths in Bantam or in Batavia from English Company and bring them to Amoy and Nagasaki. English Company\u27s documents in British Library reveal English woollen cloths were not well bought in Amoy, and loaded them in a returning ship to Surat, India, via Taiwan. Ching dynasty prohibited the merchants of coastal area to trade freely with foreign merchants till Ching\u27s army did overcome the rule of the family of Cheng Ch\u27eng-kung, \u27Coxinga\u27, Taiwan king, in 1682. Then, in 1684, the government changed trade policy and let foreign traders have contact with Chinese ones under the strict regulation of Ching Government in Canton. But in Japan the strict trade regulation of European goods still existed after 1673. Only little amount of woollen cloths was permitted to be bought by Japanese wealthy people.After 1684 Chinese adventurers into South East Asia increased their number and settled in various plantations there. Pirates in East Chine Sea became regulated by coastal guards of Ching dynasty, less smuggling prevailed since then. The Dutch and English East India Company tried to get copper from logistics between Asian nations. But triangle trade system by European companies did have a hard time to manage through in the last decade of the seventeenth century

1253年グロステストのGravamina

本稿は科学研究費補助金基盤研究(C)課題番号18K01053による研究成果の一部である

Hydrogen bonding in two solid phases of phenazine-chloranilic acid (1/1) determined at 170 and 93 K

The crystal structures in two solid phases, i.e. phase II stable between 146 and 253 K and phase IV below 136 K, of the title compound [phenazine-chloranilic acid (1/1), C12H8N2 center dot C6H2Cl2O4, in phase II, and phenazinium hydrogen chloranilate, C12H9N2+center dot C6HCl2O4-, in phase IV], have been determined. Both phases crystallize in P2(1), and each structure was refined as an inversion twin. In phase II, the phenazine and chloranilic acid molecules are arranged alternately through two kinds of O-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bonds. In phase IV, salt formation occurs by donation of one H atom from the chloranilic acid molecule to the phenazine molecule; the resulting monocation and monoanion are linked by N-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bonds