Steer by Image Technology for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Based on Reconfigurable Metasurface with Photodiodes as Tunable Elements

Lately, metasurface has become an essential and promising component in implementing Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) for 5G and 6G. A novel method that simplifies the ability to reconfigure the metasurface is presented in this paper. The suggested technology uses a PIN photodiode as a tuning element. The desired image is projected on the metasurface’s backside, where the PIN photodiodes are placed and reconfigures the metasurface. The projected image’s color and intensity pattern influence the PIN photodiode’s junction capacitance, which leads to local reflection phase control. This enables the required pattern reflection phase distribution to manipulate the reflection beam, for example, 2D beam steering or focusing, and any other beam forming combination, instead of wiring many digital-to-analog converters (DACs) or FPGA outputs, which bias the standard tuning element such as PIN diode or varactor using a complex RF circuit. Using a PIN photodiode as a tunable element instead of a varactor diode, PIN diode, Liquid Crystal and MEMS allows the changing of the internal junction capacitance without direct contact and thus continuously controlling the reflection phase. In addition, an open circuit work mode with negligible energy consumption can be obtained. This technology can be used to implement metasurface based on discrete or continuous phases and is called Steer by Image (SBI). A full description of the SBI technology using PIN photodiode is presented in this paper