Ambulatory tuberculosis treatment in post-Semashko health care systems needs supportive financing mechanisms

The tuberculosis (TB) control strategy in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, is being changed to decentralised out-patient care for most TB patients by the Government of Uzbekistan, in collaboration with the international medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières. Ambulatory treatment of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB from the first day of treatment has been recommended since 2011. Out-patient treatment of TB from the beginning of treatment was previously prohibited. However, the current Uzbek health financing system, which evolved from the Soviet Semashko model, offers incentives that work against the adoption of ambulatory TB treatment. Based on the 'Comprehensive TB Care for All' programme implemented in Karakalpakstan, we describe how existing policies for the allocation of health funds complicate the scale-up of ambulatory-based management of TB

THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FACING COMPOSITE MATERIALS CERAMAGE («SHOFU») AND ULTRAGLASS («VLADMIVA»)

According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the degree of dependence of the medical industry and practical medicine on imports is 81%. Critical dependence causes a shortage of inexpensive consumables, medicines and medical devices, and as a consequence of the increase in the cost of medical services, which is estimated as a threat to national security. In various regions of the Russian Federation in the general structure of dental care for patients in all age groups, dental arch defects range from 40 to 75%. Non-removable prosthetics for socially unprotected segments of the population are carried out mainly by bridges with lining the metal frame with hot-curing plastic, short-lived due to low strength characteristics, significant abrasion, and hygroscopicity. To a large extent, the service life of fixed prostheses is determined by the combination of the physicomechanical properties of the facing material, such as flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and hardness. Flexural strength characterizes the ability of a material to resist unaxial occlusal loading, the modulus of elasticity determines the stiffness of a material and its ability to withstand applied loads without significant deformations, and the hardness characterizes the wear resistance of a material and its ability to withstand abrasion by antagonists. This paper presents the results of a study of the physicomechanical properties of facing composite materials: Ceramage (Shofu, Japan) and Ultra Glass (VladMiVa, Russia). The revealed differences in flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and Vickers microhardness of the material “UltraGlass” allow us to recommend it for widespread clinical use. Expanding the range of domestic materials for orthopedic dentistry by developing a coating composite material UltraGlass helps to improve the quality of dental care to the population with social benefits

Eventual role of myocardial muscular «bridges» in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome

Aim of the study was to investigate the role of myocardial muscular «bridges» (MMB) in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Material and methods. The study comprised of 27 patents with ACS: 21 (77,8 %) with diagnosed unstable angina pectoris (UA) and 6 (22,2 %) with acute anterior myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI). Results. All patients with STEMI had positive qualitative troponin test. The serum level of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was 857.7 ± 495.5 U/l, the CPK MB level was 46.5 ± 42.4 U/l. The patients’ age varied from 32 to 68 years (on average, 52.4 ± 4.6 years). Selective coronary angiography (CAG) revealed systolic functional obstruction of the LAD with vessel’s lumen recovery to the norm during diastole in all 27 patients, which is typical for MMB. In all cases with UA, the clinical aggravation was associated with ECG signs of transitory or permanent myocardial hypoxia in the territory supplied by the LAD, while the patients with STEMI had ECG, biochemical and EchoCG signs of myocardial damage and kinetics disturbances in the left ventricular areas supplied by the LAD. All patients underwent intravascular instrumental investigation. During in-hospital stage all patients received conservative therapy including β-adrenergic receptors or CA-channels blockers; ACE inhibitors; disaggregants. Upon 12 months all patients underwent repeated outpatient examination. In all cases, the conducted therapy resulted in the improvement of the patients’ condition. Conclusion. This study allows concluding that MMB play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ACS, including STEMI

Непосредственные и среднеотдаленные (6 месяцев) результаты стентирования биодеградируемыми коронарными скаффолдами BVS Absorb у пациентов с хроническими формами ишемической болезни сердца

Aim of study To evaluate the immediate and medium-term (6 months) results of BVS Absorb biodegradable stents implantation in patients with chronic forms of coronary artery disease, taking into account their location in coronary vessels, morphological nature of the initial lesion of the coronary arteries and technical features of implantation as well.Material and methods From June 2014 to December 2015, 199 biodegradable stents (Absorb Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold — BVS; Abbott Vascular, CA, USA) were routinely installed in 114 patients treated at the Interventional Cardioangiology Center of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out depending on the type of coronary artery lesion, the length and diameter of the stents, and the details of the angioplasty procedure. To characterize the type of coronary artery lesion, the ACC/AHA classification was used: type A vascular lesion (95 coronary segments); type B vascular disease (68 coronary segments); type C vascular disease (36 coronary segments). The ultimate goal of the study was to study the frequency of thrombosis and in-stent stenosis of stented coronary arteries.Results The immediate success of scaffold implantation was 98.2%. Complications in the early hospital period were 1.8% (acute stent thrombosis was observed in 2 cases on the first day after implantation). In the medium-term (~6 months), 102 patients (89.5%) with 172 previously placed stents underwent comparison selective coronary angiography. The rest of the patients with stents refused to undergo coronary angiography due to good health and underwent a telephone survey.The satisfactory result of stenting in the medium-term (6 months) was a completely preserved lumen of the stented area, or with less than 50% stenosis of this place, which comprised 94.3%. The frequency of in-stent stenosis (narrowing of the lumen of the stented area by 50% or more) was 5.7%. In-stent stenosis was detected in groups of patients with type B and C lesions, respectively, in 4% and 1.7%. In the group with type A coronary artery disease, in-stent stenosis was not detected in the medium-term period.Conclusion The immediate and medium-term results of stenting with the biodegradable BVS Absorb stent were successful in the vast majority of cases (94.3%). Only in 2 cases (1.8%), acute thrombosis of the stent was observed immediately after stenting.Цель Оценить у пациентов с хроническими формами ишемической болезни сердца непосредственные и среднеотдаленные (6 месяцев) результаты имплантации биодеградируемых стентов BVS Absorb с учетом их локализации в коронарном русле; морфологического характера исходного поражения коронарных артерий; технических особенностей имплантации.Материал и методы В НПЦ интервенционной кардиоангиологии ФГАОУ ВО Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова МЗ РФ с июня 2014 года по декабрь 2015 года в плановом порядке 114 пациентам были установлены 199 биодеградируемых стентов (Absorb Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold — BVS; Abbott Vascular, CA, USA). Анализ полученных результатов проводили в зависимости от типа поражения коронарных артерий; от длины и диаметра стентов; от деталей процедуры ангиопластики. Для характеристики типа поражения коронарных артерий использовали классификацию ACC/AHA: поражение сосудов типа A (95 коронарных сегментов); поражение сосудов типа В (68 коронарных сегментов); поражение сосудов типа С (36 коронарных сегментов). Конечной целью исследования явилось изучение частоты тромбозов и in-stent стенозов стентированных коронарных артерий.Результаты Непосредственный успех имплантации скаффолдов составил 98,2%. Осложнения в раннем госпитальном периоде составили 1,8% (в 2 случаях наблюдали острый тромбоз стентов в первые сутки после имплантации). В среднеотдаленном периоде (~6 месяцев) 102 пациентам (89,5%) с установленными ранее 172 стентами выполняли контрольную селективную коронарографию. Остальные стентированные больные в связи с хорошим самочувствием отказались от коронарографии и прошли телефонный опрос.Удовлетворительный результат стентирования в среднеотдаленные сроки (6 месяцев), заключающийся в полностью сохраненном просвете стентированного участка, либо со стенозированием этого места менее 50%, составил 94,3%. Частота in-stent стеноза (сужения просвета стентированного участка на 50% и более) составила 5,7%. In-stent стеноз был выявлен в группах пациентов с типом поражений B и C соответственно в 4% и 1,7%. В группе с поражением коронарных артерий типа А in-stent стеноз в среднеотдаленном периоде не был выявлен.Выводы Непосредственные и среднеотдаленные результаты стентирования биодеградируемым стентом BVS Absorb в подавляющем большинстве случаев (94,3%) были успешными. Лишь в 2 случаях (1,8%) непосредственно после стентирования наблюдали острый тромбоз стента