Miyokart infarktüsü sonrası erken dönemde gelişen akut ciddi mitral yetersizliğinin perkütan tedavisi ve kısa literatür özeti

Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair treatment is mainly used for patients with chronic heart failure concomitant severe mitral regurgitation. However, utilization of this system in the acute seting of myocardial infarction is still limited. In this case report authors aimed to show the effectiveness of the percutaneous treatment for severe acute mitral regurgitation early after myocardial infarction.Transkateter uç uca onarım temel olarak ciddi mitral yetersizliğinin eşlik ettiği kronik kalp yeter- sizliği hastalarında kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu sistemin miyokart infarktüsünün akut fazında kullanımı henüz sınırlıdır. Yazarlar bu olgu sunumunda miyokart infarktüsü sonrası erken dönemde gelişen akut ciddi mitral yetersizliğinde perkütan tedavinin etkinliğini göstermeyi amaçlamışlardır

Effects of tamoxifen on plasma tissue factor levels

Cancer patients have a high risk of thromboembolic disease. Although the increased levels of tissue factor (TF) in cancer patients have been reported in various studies, the effect of hormonal therapy i.e. tamoxifen on this manner has not been illuminated yet. In this pilot study, ten patients with localized breast cancer receiving adjuvant tamoxifen were studied for plasma tissue factor levels by the ELISA method, and test results were compared with the results of ten patients with localized breast cancer who not receiving adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. There was a slightly increase of plasma tissue factor levels in tamoxifen terated group compared with control group, but this increase was not statistically significant. Mean plasma TF level of the tamoxifen treated group was 63,87 pg/ml SEM23,63) (range 12,59 to 267,11) and of the control group was 42,83 pg/ml SEM7,56) (range 5,43 to 78,88).Nothrombotic complications were observed in both groups. According to these results, it is not possible to say that tamoxifen treatment can lead to the increase in plasma tissue factor levels and thereby hypercoagulability in patients with breast cancer. Further studies including more patients are needed to show the difference between two arms.Kanser hastaları tromboembolik olaylar açısından yüksek riske sahiptir. Kanserli hastalarda artmış doku faktörü düzeyleri rapor edilmesine rağmen tamoksifen gibi hormonal tedavilerin bu konudaki etkisi henüz netleştirilememiştir. Bu pilot çalışmada, adjuvan hormonal tedavi olarak tamoksifen alan erken evre meme kanserli 10 hastada prospektif olarak, ELISA yöntemiyle plazma doku faktörü düzeyleri ölçülmüş ve tamoksifen almayan erken evrememekanserli 10 hastanın plazma doku faktörü düzeyleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, tamoksifen ile tedavi edilen grupta plazma doku faktörü düzeylerinde hafif yükseklik gözlendi. Ancak bu yükseklik istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p=0.5). Tamoksifen ile tedavi edilen grupta ortalama plazma doku faktörü düzeyi 63,87 pg/ml ± SEM 23,63 (12,59- 267,11) iken kontrol grubunda 42,83 pg/ml ± SEM 7,56 ( 5,43-78,88) idi. Grupta hiçbir hastada trombotik komplikasyon gözlenmedi. Mevcut sonuçlarla tamoksifen alan erken evre meme kanserli hastalarda izlenebilen trombotik komplikasyonların gelişiminde doku faktörünün de rolü olabilir demek mümkün değildir, daha fazla hasta içeren çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardı

The Plantation Of Road With Trees As A Planing Element That Affects The Landscape Of Road

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1998Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1998Toplumsal yaşamın süregeldiği ve aynı zamanda toplumu etkileyen, toplumsal yaşamı belirleyen faktörlerin ortamı olan çevrenin algılanan ve hayata geçirilen bölümüne mekan adı verilir. Belli bir amaç doğrultusunda biraraya gelen insanların ilişkilerinin zaman içindeki birleşimi de kentsel mekanı oluşturur. Kentsel mekan içinde, kent karakterini belirleyen önemli elemanlardan birisi de yollardır. Aynı zamanda peyzaj elemanı olarak ta değerlendirilen yolların ağaçlandırılması konusu; yeşilin ve bireyleri ortak bir amaç için biraraya getiren kamusal kent mekanlarının hızla azaldığı günümüzde önemle üzerinde durulması gereken bir konudur. Ağaçlandırma da, yolun proje hızı, güzergahı, paralelizm, kazı ve dolgular ve yol geometrik standartları gibi, yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanlarından birisidir. Uygun bir bitkilendirme ile, yolun çevresi ile intibakının sağlanması yanında, görsel estetik yaratma, hava sıcaklığını ayarlama, temiz hava sağlama, istenmeyen objeleri gizleme, rüzgar ve gürültü siperi yaratma, trafik emniyeti ve toprak stabilizasyonunu sağlama gibi çeşitli işlevler de yerine getirilebilir. Ancak yol bitkilendirmesine gereken önem verilmediğinden, yanlış bitkilendirme ile yolun hataları daha da fazla belirginleştirilmektedir. Bu bakımdan yol bitkilendirme projelerinde tür seçimi ve tesis tekniği büyük önem taşımaktadır. Tezin konusunu oluşturan yol ağaçlandırmaları, 6 bölümde incelenmiştir : Bölüm 1 'de konuya giriş yapılmıştır. Bölüm 2'de şehirsel mekan kavramı ve şehirsel mekan elemanı olarak yollar ile ilgili konuya kısaca değinildikten sonra, Bölüm 3 'de peyzaj elemanı olarak yollar ve yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanları anlatılmıştır. Bölüm 4'de yol peyzajına etki eden planlama elemanlarından biri olarak yol ağaçlandırmaları, kent içi yol ve kırsal alan yol ağaçlandırmaları olarak ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelendi. Her iki yol tipinde de ayrı ayrı tür seçimi ve tesis tekniği ile ilgili bilgiler verildi. Bölüm 5 'de, konu ile ilgili araştırma alanı olarak seçilen Barbaros Bulvarı (Beşiktaş) ve TEM-Bayramoğlu karayolu ağaçlandırmaları, verilen bu bilgiler ışığında gerek tür seçimi gerekse tesis tekniği açısından incelendi ve fotoğraflarla, uygulamadaki olumlu veya olumsuz yönler irdelenerek öneriler yapıldı. Bölüm 6'da ise konu ile ilgili sonuç ve değerlendirmeler yapıldı. Özet olarak ; yol ağaçlandırmaları çalışmalarına gün geçtikçe daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiği, araştırmanın sonucundan da anlaşılmaktadır.The Plantation of Road With Trees As a Planing Element That Affects The Landscape of Road Environment is the space that the social life continues and at the sametime is a scene for the happenings and changes in this social life. Place is the limited part of the environment that we observe and realize. The city space occurs from the relations of similiar aimed people bounded with time. İn the city space, the road is an important element that states the character of a city. To plant of roads with trees, as a lansdcape element, especially while we are totally loosing the union of green and human nowadays, is a very important an sensitive subject. The roads are important elements, which determine the character of cities. Not only physical places. The cultures, social period or life or societies are on the roads. It is able to determined. Roads which ensure the accessibility of duelling. Is the best lively environment of social living. Individuals the best lively environment of social living. Individuals and society are meet at the same place and various activities are done during the way. Also perceiving of dwellings are realised during the ways. The roads which are important in our life also was established network. In the structures belongs to civil engineering are take the place maximum. The meeting difficulties in landscape due to various reasons. These are came into existence from several forms belong to each other and also easy. The road is consist of a line. It is decided the landscape, so it is strong plan element. It is ensured the link between the using areas of men, so it is the best forceful line. The success of this line dependent on the knowledge and experimentation on application of civil engineering and economic principals and also to the value of landscape and place in the landscape in choosing are so important. Because other particulars are same or the difference between the available way and a middle way which is very similar is came into existence due to landscape quality. Another working to fit the ways is plant with trees the roads. At the same time, the roads which are one of the planning elements are impressed the relationship between the ways and landscape. It is theme of the thesis. xiv It is able to plant with trees the roads by having changes and curls which make part of the environment and giving living features. Otherwise, before to plant with trees the roads it will be useful to explain about other planning elements which are impressed the relations between ways and landscape. These elements are at the following: Project Speed of Way : It changes dependent on the move away speed of landscape's natural when the speed gets increase the relation is decreased between the way and landscape. Route of Way : A clear route makes awake the driver, so he enjoy the view by driving. It is ensured the best seeing from traffic point of view. Parallelism : Narrow middle refuge between two roads which are parallel to each other cause the expense for maintenance and makes quite bad effect. Excavations and Fillings : It is advised that to be come lower the incline naturally both from the point of view of seeing and inhibit the erosion. Geometrical standards of roads : These standards were fixed for geometrical dimensions belongs to width, incline and radius of roads. When traffic current get increased then these standards will be increased. Vegetation (a forestation) : is important in case of having route and settling otherwise, it may only strengthen the mistakes of roads. Plant with trees the road has many functions as planing element: 1. Cause to cease the Natural longing and produce Visual Aesthetic : Trees on the roads effects the view and remove just a little the natural longing. It breaks the monotony. In case of need, is linked the visual value and is created focal point. 2. To Adjust the temperature and Humidity : City areas get heat and loss quick. Plant, trees, projects the rays to the roof and is absorbed some of them and is disturbed. For this reason, it gets cool in shady places in summer time. 3. Cleaning Dirty Air and Ensuring Air : To produce the green area and trees (02) makes cure the air. Specially from the point of view of breathing. Also gasoline, oil used for motor- vehicles and coal, gas and oil used for heating plants by human. xv 4. To Camouflage the Objectives requested to leave, out of field of view : Some bad views are able to camouflage industrial area, industrial plants, stone and sand chimneys, squatter's houses, grave for carriage by plant with tre 5. Snow and Wind Screen : Strong winds and snow-drifts in open areas non-defended make possible traffic accidents and traffic difficulties. But plant with trees and wind board products such difficulties. 6. Board against to Headlight : The roads which were separated from double directed traffic by large medium refuge. That is the matter in question. The refuge being plant with trees are prevented the lights came from vehicle on ninths. 7. To obstruct and decrease the Accidents : Trees on the road are warned the drivers from the point of view of traffic also are obstructed the attract of drivers. 8. Signal Effects : Various plant with trees made during the road to the drivers. For example : long trees and trees in the shape of pyramid may show the cross-roads to the drivers. Boards against to Loud: Motor-vehicles make loud around 80-90 dB (decibel),so this value effects the human health. Plant with trees the roads available may decrease the plant effect against the environment. Plant with trees dense is also effective to prevent the loud. 10. Board against Dust and Gas : Dusts are come into existence from organic and inorganic elements belongs to various heavy and light metals and other source... They reach the plant organs in dry and falling in. trees are able to keep the dusts on body, branches and leafs. Except this active effect, trees decelerates the speed of wind and inhibits and make falling in. In this way, it prevents from dusts and drain passive. 11. To Ensure Stabilisation of Earth : Kind of plant with trees to be made with an objective stabilisation in filling and excavation slopes should be harmonious with landscape mould. Plants should be studied and to be used. Vegetation to be made in excavation should be soften the surface of slope and showed natural landscape. xvi Otherwise, it makes soften the sharp-line of buildings and removes the monotony. It is made in increase the travelling and is ensured shadow. This, people see the natural views. Also there much matters with them during plant with trees and planning and application. These are at the following: 1. Nutrition insufficiency : Food staffs made of plants are necessary for growth of plants. These are elements and compounds which may not completed by chemical substances. Earth should be profitable. Because plants receive the food staffs from the earth. The earth available need heat, oxygen water mineral food staffs. For this reason; earth which have enough food staffs for plants should be determined according to kind of plant. Plants should be receive necessary substances by watering sufficient. 2. Abnormal Weather Conditions : Over current heats or colds cause to big damages. In cities sun-rays make changes to form of trees by inflection. From asphalt, concrete stones. It is increased heats and dryness. Also strong winds are able to break the trees. Sort of trees should be chosen according to climates in region. They should not receive the damages due to a normal air-conditions on plant with trees the roads. 3. Various Diseases and Harmful Animals : These are collected in 3 groups. Virus diseases, bacterium plant diseases and Mycosis. The damages are too much made to the plants and specially trees. For example: Plane- trees are important dangerous for plane trees. For this reason, necessary precautions should be taken to defend the living from these harmful animals. 4. Accidents and Losses came from Road Operations and other reasons : It is connected with attention of human. For example : In summer time during the asphalt operation and restorations ultraviolet-rays and steam's effects the leafs and destroy the chlorophyll. Excavations made for PTT, electricity, drainage, water etc. are harmful for roots of trees. At the same time branches, body are exposed the bellows from men are motor- vehicles. 5. Insufficiency of Living Area : Insufficiency of living area which is distributed for trees in 40x40 or 60x60 cm of area is not enough. Trees have not carry out their functions because of pressed their roots. Roots of trees which are covered by concert pavement demolish the pavement by falling down under the road. xvti 6. Maintaining Insufficiency : After plant the trees ; cutting manuring and watering are so necessary and important for growing of trees also carry out the functions. We may collect them in two groups. Plant with trees in cities and villages. 1. Plant with trees in cities : These are under the effect of industrial ecosystems. Humidity in air is insufficient due to covering the asphalt, concrete and building in cities. Otherwise humidity ensure for growing the trees. There is another problem with organic dirty water came from fruits and leafs in city. The earth may not feed with these dirty water. Another negative large matter is air-pollution which effects the trees. Building material and cement are thrown away the edge of roads. Cities have quite limited areas. Except general rules some quantities should be chosen the trees. I. It should be available to growing environment with climate and earth conditions. For example : In the places that air-pollution is existing the most weak and thick-leafs and conifers. The most strong are green thick-leafs. Conifers which may effect should not used on roads in cities. II. Species which have long level and in the form of uniform growing fast and long- term also non-friable species are chosen. HI. Species which have symmetrical build ; suitable with form and width. It should be in beautiful view. IV. It should be strong winds in wind-gate created by buildings. V. It should be strong against all kind of corks and insect diseases. VI. Strong species should be chosen to salt in operations at the coast of sea. VII. In cities which have snow too much, the leafs have thick hills and friable and breakable easy should be chosen. VIII. Species which won't create root and vine-stocks for not cause harm the sub builds and road plats. IX. Clear species which will not create shadow should be chosen. Species which have falling the leaf or peel and skin and crushed fruits should not be chosen. X. Should be strong against mechanical damages in cities. If such accidents occur, it is able to prevent in short-time. Otherwise, it should be strong against cutting. XI. Conformable species which to be chosen in roads in cities according to traffic, motor-vehicles, pedestrian ways and form of streets. In cities technical of xvm establishment is much important. It should be at the following : according to buildings, gardens, lightings, sub-buildings and various establishments. In establishment technics, angles of sun-rays and shadow situations are important. For example : Trees on north side are received the lights much more than south side. In establishment technic important like phone lines drainage, dirty water which are necessary in sub-buildings. For example : If plant tree should be beside electricity, telephone lines, drainage channels, the distance should be from 3 m. and 4 m. It should be taken into consideration. Another important matter is with of pavement road and refuge. Should middle refuge is narrow should not plant the tree. Otherwise we should take prevent against headlamps. So if width of pavement is less than 4 m. It is dangerous. Because it hinders the walking also to plant with trees should be the length is less than 5 m. Plant with trees on pavements should be at least 3 m. from facade of building and 1 m. inside from the road. It is effected to determine the diameter forms. Expansion of root areas of species. For example : Space of plane trees which has large huge should be at least 15 m. 2. Plant with trees in villages : Main roads are subject to the plant with trees in villages. At the first seeing, it is understood with opposite particulars from the stand point of technical. Otherwise, it is able to plant with trees in cities. Here, the main principles to choose the samples which are not foreign to landscape of environment. Should the road pass the village and pasture and agricultural field short-bushes should be used instead of vegetation in a crowd. In case of insensibility views, it is able to be used short plants instead of covering, on buffer-zones green plate species should be used. For plant with trees in group protecting for lightings, developing and strong and various functions should be chosen. Plant with trees in village, should refuge is wide than 4 m., we should plant instead of plant trees. In this way it is project the drivers from blows long plants is used for drivers by passing over lighting on middle refuge. Plant with trees on curved road is important due to it makes signal for drivers. For example: By making plant with trees long it is reminded the drivers on entrance the bridges and curves. On the places which have sign, colored plants attracts the drivers so, it should be taken into consideration. To understand the sign, the background should be created with plants. Establishment technics in roads, depend on increasing speed different than plant with trees in cities. When the speed different than plant with trees in cities. When the speed get increase, seeing is became narrow in large degree, so, to plant trees is so important on the main roads. On the road which have trees between the 5 m. and 7.5 m. are appeared like a wall. Trees which have double rank is dangerous on the main roads. Drivers feel sleepy and also breaks the relation between the road and landscape. Some cars under controlled strikes the trees. The leafs on the road cause to accident and also expensive in economical. xix The speed is too much on the main roads. So trees should plant inside. Trees should be harmonies with plants on the edge of road. It is suitable to plant with trees in inclination of slopes on road side must decreased. We must be careful if there is root strong. Various species should not put side by side. In cross-roads which are most important plant with trees it should be carried out. But otherwise field of view, should not be binder. The important matter is to plant with trees in car-parks. In cities other than in city and villages. The important matter is we should choose strong species against exhaust and pollution. Otherwise motor-vehicles must not come near root of trees. Stones for edge are able to think in enough height which prevent draw near the motor-vehicles to tree. Trees for car-parks are chosen being long life and make shadow and growing fast. We do not necessary consider plant with trees in villages. Otherwise it is so important. We understand this situation on the studies that we did. The plant with trees in cities and villages. Barbaros Bulvarı (Beşiktaş) for cities and TEM Bayramoğlu main road for villages. For example Barbaros Bulvarı is chosen for research area. Plant with trees should be done with large refuge. 0.5 m. from inside length 2 m. and 20-30 cm. height having plant with trees. If it be necessary from the point of view establishment technical. This is successfully studying. Example for plant with trees in villages in Bayramoğlu. It is wrong to say that plant with trees successful in Bayramoğlu main-road. A few positive applications are existing in this field, so unconscious study. Otherwise, we hope that the situation will be improved in the future and they will consider about it. Also necessary legal operations will be done connected with this subjected.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Preozonation of specific water pollutans for subsequent biological treatment

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1997Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1997Bu çalışmada, mikrokirleticilerin inhibisyon etkisini azaltmak amacıyla ozonla oksidasyonu ve ozonlanmış numunenin biyolojik arıtılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla laboratuarda hazırlan ksilen ve siklohekzanon numunesinin ozonla oksidasyonu yapılmıştır. Ozonlama, atıksuyu biyolojik arıtmaya hazırlamak için ön arıtma adımı olarak uygulanmıştır. Ozonlanmış numunenin laboratuarda kurulan doldur-boşalt tipi kesikli aktif çamur reaktörlerinde biyolojik artılabilirliği incelenmiştir. Ozonlamanın biyolojik arıtıma olan etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ozonlanmış (şahit) numuneninde biyolojik arıtılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Sentetik numunelerin (ozonlanmış ve ozonlanmamış) uçuculukları da biyokütle içermeyen şahit reaktörlerde test edilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, çalışmanın anlam ve önemi kısmında, konuya esas olan mikrokirleticilerin anlam ve öneminden kısaca bahsedilmiş çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı özetlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, mikrokirletici kavramının ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi, mikrokirletici zararlı atık ayrımı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölümde mikrokirleticilerin zararlılık derecesini belirlemede kullanılan THP sistemi, mikrokirleticilerin kontrol yöntemleri ve arıtım mekanizmaları verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm, kesikli ve sürekli sistemlerde ozonla kimyasal oksidasyon için gerekli deney düzeneği ve ekipmanlarının detaylı olarak verildiği bir bölümdür. Ayrıca bu sistemlere ait analitik hesaplama yöntemleri de yine bu bölümde yer almaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm, deneysel çakışmayı içermektedir. Laboratuarda hazırlanan sentetik numunenin ozonla oksidasyonu, ozonlanmış ve ozonlanmamış numunelerin biyolojik arıtılabilirlikleri ve numunelerin uçuculuk ile ilgili yapılan deneyler ve sonuçları tablo ve grafikler halinde verilmiştir. Sentetik numune ile yapılan deneylerden elde edilen sonuçlar ve öneriler ise son bölüm olan beşinci bölümde yer almaktadır.Water pollution by defined chemical subtonics has a long history; classical examples in the past are phenols and pyridines in effluents from coke oven plants. Since mid 1960 s, however people have become aware that some substances, for instance mercury derivatives, DDT and PCB s, can persist in the environment, enter and become enriched in food chains and reach toxic levels in certain organisms. This recognition of toxicity has been a driving force behind the development towards stricter and better environmental management. In this study; chemical oxidation with ozone is applied for synthetic samples under laboratory conditions following long-term literature studies. Ozonation is used for pretreatment purposed so as to reduce COD removal efficiency and prepare for biological treatment. Preozonation was investigated for its effects on the biodegradability of cyclohexanon and xylene in activated sludge systems. The volatility of cyclohexanon and xylene were investigated in a reactor with aeration without biomass. In the preceding section that contain aim and scope of the parts, the importance, definition and treatment of specific water pollutants are briefly given and aim and scope of the study are summarized. In the second section environmental problems raised by specific water pollutants are described and development of specific water pollutants concern is given. Specific pollutants caused many scourges in the past and are still causing at present. During the time passed many number of pollution, health problems and death cases are reported and substantial is observed because of disregarding. Studies sparked off by the recognition that contaminants from human activities are ubiquitous in the environment and that many of these substances are potentially hazardous to man' s environment. There is undoubted concern because. information on the type and quantity of substances discharged to the environment is complete. with a few notable exceptions, the information on environmentally significant properties, particularly stability, affinity for living organisms and short-term and long-term toxicity is incomplete and scare VIII . a number of these compounds are not adequately removed by present treatment of waste water or potable water, and for other substances there is insufficient information. available control instruments-legal, administrative and other, and their implementation - do not always cover all situations where the discharge of specific pollutants should be controlled. The specific pollutants concept was used to emphasize the difference between identifiable chemical substances. Because of the complexity of the problem, it was not judged possible to carry out a complete assessment on specific pollutants control. Also in this section are defined the difference between hazardous waste and specific pollutants, and the system of THP, and are given sources of specific water pollutants. The experimental procedures and equipments needed for chemical oxidation with ozone, for both batch and continuous systems are examined in the third section with details. In the fourth section, the experimental methods are told. The aim of the experiments are carry out the oxidation with ozone processes for synthetic wastewater samples, that contain cyclohexanon and xylene, that are prepared in the laboratory conditions so as to reduce the efficiencies of COD removal The chemical structures and characteristics of these substance are briefly given. Also in this section biological treatment are given. Results indicate that preozonation could either promote or retard the biodegradability, depending primarily on whether or not the sludge used in the subsequent biological system had been acclimated before hand. Some of compounds have been reported to be extremely resistant to biodegradation, either in nature or in the treatment systems receiving the waste streams. Therefor to improve the biodegradability of these specific compounds, the possible methods usually include these by which the biological systems can be acclimated well enough to decompose effectively the influent components, or, these by which the originally resistant compounds can be converted into more easily degradable forms prior to entering the biological systems. In this study, batch type activated sludge units were employed to serve as the biological treatment systems and the process of preozonation was used on the other hand to convert the chemical structure of the cyclohexanon and xylene compounds. On of the purpose of this study was to compare two methods with or without the ozone pretreatment. The efficiencies of the pretreatment were measured in terms of the removal of the cyclohexanon and xylene compounds themselves and the COD contents as the gross organic indicator. The dichromate method was used for the COD analysis. IX Various units of the batch-type activated sludge systems were used to receive the feed from different cyclohexanon and xylene solutions with or without the ozone pretreatment. The activated sludge collected from a reactor was acclimated gradually to the increasing feed of phenolic compounds with the original carbon source from glucose being finally replaced. Experimental study plan is presented in Table 1. Ozonation is applied through a semi-batch ozonation equipment. COD test are run for the monitoring of synthetic samples following ozonation. For ozone gas measurement, iodometric ozone measurement and comparametric ozone measurement are applied. For synthetic sample theoretical oxygen requirement values are calculated and compared with COD values. Table 1 Experimental Study Plan The sample experiment results that are obtained different ozonation times are given as graphics in Figure 1. For synthetic sample values for applied ozone, discharged ozone gas, efficiency of ozone that is consumed for wastewater, concentration of ozone that is consumed for wastewater and ozone dosage are estimated. 2D O I ? I ? I I 15 30 60 80 123 CtaT£tiOTTime(nnin) -? - Samplel (80 nin CEonaticn) ?Samrje2 - A - Sample 3 (120nniri (120rrin cecnaticn) czcnaticn) Figure 1 Obtained COD Values of Synthetic That Are Prepared With Xylene and Cyclohexanon After 80 min. and 120 min. Experimental study results for synthetic sample with or without ozonation are given in Table 2. In the fifth section results of the experiments are given and some proposals are brought in. These proposal are named below. Especially for cases when treatment of micropollutants and hazardous wastes in the main goal, preozonation for the substances that may inhibit the treatment can be applied. It has been observed that application of ozone for any other purpose than preozonation may not be successful. In other words, oxidation of ozone in such wastes is not eligible or not economic. By the application of preozonation, detoxification purposes can be achieved for both individual substances and for cinerjestically effected mixed wastes. In this case estimation of inhibition with biological treatment of wastes that have been preozoned and detoxified should be accomplished. In the some manner, inhibition of ozone in biological treatment must be determined. For the substances which volatility is very high as cyclohexanon and xylene can be proposal appropriate treatment system is aeration (air stripping) ozonation and biological treatmentYüksek LisansM.Sc

Relationship of Maxillary First Molar Rotations with Malocclusions and Other Occlusal Variables

The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between the rotation of maxillary first molars and various features of malocclusions. Initial models of 1237 patients were used for this study. Models were evaluated according to dental malocclusion, cross bite, crowding, rotation of upper incisors, canines and premolars, diastemas, and rotation of mandibular molars. 21.7 % of the models had a Class I, 64.8 % Class II, and 13.4 % Class III dental relationship. In Class III cases a significant increase in maxillary molar rotation was observed, followed by Class II and Class I maloclusions. There were increased second maxillary molar rotation values in Class III maloclusions, but no difference between Class II and Class I. Cases with cross bite, only upper crowding, both upper and lower crowding and rotated upper premolars had a significant increase in maxilary molar rotations. On the contrary, cases with canine and incisor rotations and diastemas had significantly less maxillary molar rotations. No relationship was found between mandibular molar rotations and maxillary molar rotations. Although higher rotational values could be expected in Class II malocclusions due to early migration of maxillary molars, the results of the present study support a stronger association with Class III malocclusions. As a result, during treatment planning, especially in Class III malocclusions, correction of molar rotations routinely should be listed as a treatment objective

ENCOUNTERED OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES IN THE PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC

It is a serious problem that the ceramists are exposed to substances detrimental to the health in the production of ceramic. In recent years, the developing technology as well as the increase in the number and the diversity of the chemicals and the raw materials used has increased the severity of the detriment. The product of ceramic, contributing greatly to the needs of the humans, requires the ceramicist to deliberately use the facilities of the ceramic design and its technology in order to protect the health of theirs and the people using such products. The measures to be taken are very easy to apply. However, irreversible risks may occur in terms of health when the necessary attention is ignored. In this study, it is aimed to raise awareness about the causes and consequences of occupational respiratory tract diseases that ceramicists may encounter.It is a serious problem that the ceramists are exposed to substances detrimental to the health in the production of ceramic. In recent years, the developing technology as well as the increase in the number and the diversity of the chemicals and the raw materials used has increased the severity of the detriment. The product of ceramic, contributing greatly to the needs of the humans, requires the ceramicist to deliberately use the facilities of the ceramic design and its technology in order to protect the health of theirs and the people using such products. The measures to be taken are very easy to apply. However, irreversible risks may occur in terms of health when the necessary attention is ignored. In this study, it is aimed to raise awareness about the causes and consequences of occupational respiratory tract diseases that ceramicists may encounter

Hastane Hizmetleri Hakkında Sağlık Çalışanlarının Algıları ile Hastaların Değerlendirmelerinin Karşılaştırılması

Amaç: Sağlık hizmetlerinin kalitesi ülkelerin sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma dü- zeylerinin de bir göstergesidir. Bu kapsamda standartlara uygun tanı, tedavi ve bakım hizmetlerinin, hastaların ihtiyaç ve beklentilerine cevap verecek şekilde kaliteli ve hızlı şekilde sunulması gerekmektedir. Sağlık çalışanları ile hastalar arasındaki etkileşim de sağlık hizmeti kalitesini doğrudan etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık çalışanlarının hizmet algıları ile hastaların aldıkları sağlık hizmetini değerlendirmeleri arasında ilişki olup olmadığı bir saha araştırması ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma Planı: Hastane etik kurulu ve yönetiminden izin alınarak sağlık çalı- şanları ve hastalardan oluşan örneklem grubuna anket uygulanarak araştırma verileri toplanmıştır. Hasta grubu ayaktan ve yatarak tedavi gören hastalar olarak iki ayrı grupta incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Ayaktan tedavi gören hastaların aldıkları hizmeti değerlendirmelerinin, doktorların verdikleri sağlık hizmet algılarından daha olumsuz olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Yatarak tedavi gören hastaların aldıkları hizmeti de- ğerlendirmeleri ise, sağlık çalışanlarının (doktorlar ve hemşireler) hizmet algıları ile benzer olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Hastaların aldıkları sağlık hizmetlerini değerlendirmeleri ve bu değerlendirmelerin sonucunda sağlık çalışanlarına da verdikleri hizmetlerin hastalar tarafından nasıl değerlendirildiği ile ilgili geri bildirim yapılması, sunulan sağlık hizmetleri konusunda daha özenli olunmasını sağlayarak kaliteli sağlık hizmeti sunumunun gerçekleştirilmesine olanak sağlayacaktır