PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH UNWANTED PREGNANCY OUTCOMES

Periodontal diseases are among the most common in the world and are a risk factor for a large number of systemic pathological processes. These systemic conditions currently include unwanted pregnancy outcomes. This review is devoted to the analysis of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of a relationship between periodontal diseases and unwanted pregnancy outcomes. Publications in recent years on a given topic were analyzed. Most researchers currently consider that the key factor that links periodontal diseases with systemic disease is the ability of a number of periodontal pathogenic bacteria to persist in the body, which reach distant organs and tissues, inducing a pronounced inflammatory response not only at the local, but also at the systemic level. In pregnant women, the incidence of periodontal diseases amounts to as much as 40% and is accompanied by a significant increase in that of preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, low fetal weight, preeclampsia, and other adverse events. The basis for these impairments in the course of the gestational process is the development of inflammatory reactions that accompany periodontitis and become systemic with time. Inflammation in turn provokes birth activity. In addition, the appearance of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the placenta and amniotic fluid was recorded in periodontitis diseases, which affects fetal development. Among the periodontal pathogens in these cases, Porphyromonas gingivalis prevails with its unique set of virulence factors, the ability to affect macrophages intracellularly and to induce the autoimmune processes accompanied by the production of specific cardiolipin antibodies. Conclusion: The investigation has found a relationship between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes due to the unity of a number of etiopathogenetic mechanisms. The presence of these phenomena creates a prospect for prevention of unwanted pregnancy outcomes through measures aimed at treating periodontal diseases. © A group of authors, 2022

Periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis: Microecological, metabolic and immunological mechanisms of interconnection [Заболевания пародонта и атеросклероз: микроэкологические, метаболические и иммунологические механизмы взаимосвязи]

The review provides an analysis of the literature of recent decades on microecological, metabolic and immunological mechanisms of the relationship between periodontal diseases and atherosclerotic vascular lesion. The role of lipid metabolism and immune mechanisms, confirmed by modern ideas about the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, is shown. The concept of the potential significance of infectious agents as components of the dental sulcus biofilm in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed from the standpoint of recent data on the properties of persistent bacteria. Evidence of the participation of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is presented and the mechanisms of such participation are considered. The analysis of modern literature which is devoted to the significance of periodontal diseases in the development of systemic pathology on the example of atherosclerosis has shown that one of the main binding components in this case is an etiological factor, including the ability of periodontopathogenic bacteria to influence lipid metabolism in tissues, enter into macrophages, persist in the bloodstream, participate in the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques, and influence the progression of the atherosclerotic process. © 2020 Meditsina Publishers. All rights reserved

“Shielding” of Cytokine Induction by the Periodontal Microbiome in Patients with Periodontitis Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Periodontal diseases, especially those with polymicrobial etiology, are often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, proceeding more severely and affecting the course of diabetes mellitus. Recently, this feature has been associated with the ability of periodontopathogen microflora to cause not only a local infectious process in the oral cavity, but also to interact with the human immune system and induce various systemic effects. We investigated changes in the salivary cytokine profile of patients with chronic periodontitis, associated and not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, GM-CSF, IL-5, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with patients with chronic periodontitis only. All of these cytokines are associated with macrophage activation. These data are an important contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism of periodontopathogens involvement in the manifestation of the systemic effects of type 2 diabetes

"Shielding" of Cytokine Induction by the Periodontal Microbiome in Patients with Periodontitis Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Periodontal diseases, especially those with polymicrobial etiology, are often associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, proceeding more severely and affecting the course of diabetes mellitus. Recently, this feature has been associated with the ability of periodontopathogen microflora to cause not only a local infectious process in the oral cavity, but also to interact with the human immune system and induce various systemic effects. We investigated changes in the salivary cytokine profile of patients with chronic periodontitis, associated and not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, GMCSF, IL-5, IL-6, and IFN-gamma in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with patients with chronic periodontitis only. All of these cytokines are associated with macrophage activation. These data are an important contribution to the elucidation of the mechanism of periodontopathogens involvement in the manifestation of the systemic effects of type 2 diabetes