Rotational Abstractions for Verification of Quantum Fourier Transform Circuits

With the race to build large-scale quantum computers and efforts to exploit quantum algorithms for efficient problem solving in science and engineering disciplines, the requirement to have efficient and scalable verification methods are of vital importance. We propose a novel formal verification method that is targeted at Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) circuits. QFT is a fundamental quantum algorithm that forms the basis of many quantum computing applications. The verification method employs abstractions of quantum gates used in QFT that leads to a reduction of the verification problem from Hilbert space to the quantifier free logic of bit-vectors. Very efficient decision procedures are available to reason about bit-vectors. Therefore, our method is able to scale up to the verification of QFT circuits with 10,000 qubits and 50 million quantum gates, providing a meteoric advance in the size of QFT circuits thus far verified using formal verification methods

Analysis of multi-rate traffic in WDM grooming networks

Traffic grooming in optical networks employing wavelength division multiplexing has gained prominence due to the prevailing sub-wavelength capacity requirements of users. One approach to achieving wavelength sharing is through time division multiplexing. Connection requests can have a varying number of time slot requirements. Analytical modeling for computing the blocking performance of establishing multi-rate connections in WDM grooming networks involves extensive combinatorial complexity and thus requires prohibitively large state-space for solution. In this paper, we develop an analytical model that employs an approximation to the exact distribution of number of calls of a certain bandwidth requirement on a wavelength. We validate the approximation through simulation results for two different networks that have high and low link-load correlation. It is observed that up to an order of magnitude performance improvement is obtained by improving the grooming capability in the network for calls that require two time slots

Analysis of suitable converter for the implementation of drive system in solar photovoltaic panels

Introduction. Photovoltaic (PV) systems gained immense attraction in the recent years since it produces electricity without causing environmental pollution through direct conversion of solar irradiance into electricity. Solar PV panels produce DC power. The magnitude of this DC power varies with temperature and irradiance of the sun rays. The DC supply from solar panels can be regulated using DC-DC converter and then can further be converted into the desired AC voltage by means of a voltage source inverter before being fed to an induction motor (IM). The speed and torque of an IM, fed from PV arrays, can vary due to the variation in the output power of the panels. Goal of this work is to improve the dynamic performance and reduce the torque ripple of Cuk converter-inverter fed IM drive system. The novelty of the current work proposes interleaved Cuk converter between solar PV DC source and the inverter. Purpose. To provide continuous current using an interleaved Cuk converter to the IM drive and in turn to reduce the torque ripple in IM. Methodology. Introduced an interleaved Cuk converter which is a blend of Cuk converters connected in parallel with each other between solar PV arrays and IM drive system. Originality. Simulation results are obtained for Cuk converter and interleaved Cuk converter fed IM drive by means of MATLAB. The hardware setup for the same IM systems is developed. Practical value. Simulation and hardware results are coincided with each other and it is subject from the simulation and hardware results that the interleaved Cuk converter-inverter fed IM system produced results superior than the Cuk converter inverter fed IM drive system.Вступ. Фотоелектричні (ФЕ) системи набули величезної привабливості в останні роки, оскільки вони виробляють електроенергію, не викликаючи забруднення навколишнього середовища, за рахунок прямого перетворення сонячного випромінювання на електрику. Сонячні ФЕ панелі виробляють енергію постійного струму. Значення цієї потужності постійного струму залежить від температури та освітленості сонячних променів. Подача постійного струму від сонячних панелей може регулюватися за допомогою DC-DC перетворювача, а потім може бути перетворена в бажану змінну напругу за допомогою інвертора джерела напруги перед подачею на асинхронний двигун. Швидкість та обертаючий момент асинхронного двигуна, що живиться від ФЕ батарей, можуть змінюватися через зміну вихідної потужності панелей. Метою даної роботи є покращення динамічних характеристик та зменшення пульсацій обертаючого моменту системи приводу асинхронного двигуна з живленням від Cuk перетворювача-інвертора. Новизна цієї роботи пропонує Cuk перетворювач, що чергується, між сонячним ФЕ джерелом постійного струму та інвертором. Мета. Забезпечення безперервності струму за допомогою Cuk перетворювача, що чергується, для приводу асинхронного двигуна і, у свою чергу, зменшення пульсації обертаючого моменту в асинхронному двигуні. Методологія. Представлений Cuk перетворювач, що чергується, який являє собою суміш Cuk перетворювачів, підключених паралельно один до одного між сонячними ФЕ батареями і системою приводу асинхронного двигуна. Оригінальність. Результати моделювання отримані для Cuk перетворювача і приводу асинхронного двигуна з живленням Cuk перетворювача, що чергується, за допомогою MATLAB. Розроблено апаратну частину цих же асинхронних двигунів. Практична цінність. Результати моделювання та апаратного забезпечення збігаються один з одним, і з результатів моделювання та апаратного забезпечення випливає, що система асинхронного двигуна з живленням від Cuk перетворювача-інвертора, що чергується, дає результати, які перевищують результати, ніж система приводу асинхронного двигуна з живленням від Cuk перетворювача

Structure of Indiana’s Manufacturing Sector during and after the Great Recession: A Spatial Perspective

The trend in manufacturing employment is on a downward trajectory nationally, further exacerbated by short-term fluctuations. Indiana mirrors this trend, and as such, we explore the structure of the manufacturing sector using a spatial and snapshot approach during and after the Great Recession of 2007-2009. Using two measures: (1) average firm size and (2) gap in percent of local manufacturing employment, we explain the dynamics at specific periods, viz., 2007 at the beginning of the Recession, 2009 at the trough of the Great Recession, 2014 at a point in recovery from the Great Recession, and 2016 at the endpoint for our analysis. Our results show counties are spatially dependent for the average firm size and percent employed in the manufacturing sector but spatially independent for the change (gap) in the same variables both during and after the Great Recession. Between 2007 and 2009, the decline in average firm size was greatest for Rural (R), followed by Non-Metro but adjacent to Metro (NMA), and then Metro (M) counties. However, by 2016, the average firm size in Metro counties was higher than the 2007 level, whereas non-Metro but adjacent to Metro and Rural counties, failed to rebound to the 2007 level. The relative ranking by degree of urbanization remains consistent with respect to local employment in manufacturing—although all groups experienced a decline during the Great Recession and even in recovery. These results suggest location is an important determinant and reinforce the importance of economic policies that can impact a group of counties or economic growth regions rather than individual counties

Inconspicuous Penis

Inconspicous penis refers to a constellation of conditions that make the penis look diminutive and small. This could be secondary to short penile shaft often termed as micropenis. But more commonly, this inconspicuous appearance is secondary to other causes ranging from congenital conditions such as penoscrotal webbing or megaprepuce, developmental conditions like prepubic adiposity that overhang the penis, and iatrogenic causes like trapped penis after adhesions secondary to circumcision. In this paper, we propose to define these entities and provide their descriptions and then to describe their management including surgical correction

The Impact of Stagnating Casino Revenues on State and Local Tax Receipts

In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009, the popular press has noted a rebound in casino revenues in some states, and some expect casino revenues to grow and increase again along with any economic recovery. However, before the recent recession, there were trends indicating stagnation or a peak of casino revenues in most states, and as the last recession has indicated, casino revenues were not “recession-proof” as most had thought previously. In fact, casino revenues in most states saw big declines. In this paper, we show that the casino revenues have stagnated or declined partially due to a saturation point being reached with regard to casino gaming in many areas of the United States. The growth rate of casino revenues as well as the tax receipts for the state governments from casinos follows an ‘S’ curve which is similar to a product life cycle curve. The introduction of more gambling venues as well as putting in slot machines at race tracks may give a temporary boost to state gambling tax receipts, but longer run trends indicate that the years of casinos showing large gains in revenues may be over unless casino operations continue to re-invent themselves

Waste to wealth : Collagen from fish scales

Fish Collagen is a functional molecule that can be modified and developed in different forms and can be used in various fields, from food, cosmetics to biomedical and regenerative medicine. Collagen has earned a spot in the age of advanced materials due to their properties: bioavailability, biocompatibility,weak antigenicity and the similarity to inorganic polymers

Collagen – Structure and physicochemical properties

Collagen molecule is a structural and insoluble fibrous protein that occupies one third of the total human body’s protein and is the prevalent component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen is a relatively simple protein that forms molecular cables that strengthen the resilient sheets and tendons supporting the skin and internal organs. Collagen protein also has a multitude of functions, including cell adhesion, tissue morphology and tissue repair. The basic units of collagen-rich tissues are the collagen fibrils. Collagen fibril is a fibre that is 50 to 100 nm thick. Such fibres are assembled to form a number of more complex structures with varying mechanical and physical properties. A brief summary of the structure of collagen is followed by a review of their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Among specific properties are indentation hardness, amino acid profile, thermal stability, isoelectric ph, foam and emulsion forming properties

The Impact of Stagnating Casino Revenues on State and Local Tax Receipts

In the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2007-2009, the popular press has noted a rebound in casino revenues in some states, and some expect casino revenues to grow and increase again along with any economic recovery. However, before the recent recession, there were trends indicating stagnation or a peak of casino revenues in most states, and as the last recession has indicated, casino revenues were not “recession-proof” as most had thought previously. In fact, casino revenues in most states saw big declines. In this paper, we show that the casino revenues have stagnated or declined partially due to a saturation point being reached with regard to casino gaming in many areas of the United States. The growth rate of casino revenues as well as the tax receipts for the state governments from casinos follows an ‘S’ curve which is similar to a product life cycle curve. The introduction of more gambling venues as well as putting in slot machines at race tracks may give a temporary boost to state gambling tax receipts, but longer run trends indicate that the years of casinos showing large gains in revenues may be over unless casino operations continue to re-invent themselves