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Not AvailableClimate change impacts agricultural productivity and farmers’ income, integrated farming systems (IFS) provide a mechanism to cope with such impacts. The nature and extent of climatic aberrations, perceived impact, and adaptation strategies by the farmers reduce the adverse effects of climatechangeonagriculture. Therefore,astudywasconductedtoinvestigate2160IFSfarmersabout theirperceptionsofclimatechange,barriers,andthelikelihoodofadaptingtothenegativeimpactsof climate change. The study observed an increasing rainfall trend for humid (4.18 mm/year) and semiarid (0.35 mm/year) regions, while a decreasing trend was observed in sub-humid (−2.02 mm/year) and arid (−0.20 mm/year) regions over the last 38 years. The annual rise in temperature trends observed in different ACZs varied between 0.011–0.014◦C. Nearly 79% of IFS farmers perceived an increaseintemperature,decreasingrainfall,variabilityintheonsetofmonsoon,heavyterminalrains, mid-season dry spells, and frequent floods due to climate change. The arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid farmers’ adapted several measures in different components with an adaption index of 50.2%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 91.6%, respectively. The majority of the IFS farmers perceived constraints in adopting measures to climate change, such as meta barriers, capacity barriers, and water barriers. Therefore, we infer that educated farmers involved in diversified and profitable farms with small to medium landholdings are concerned more about climate change in undertaking adaptive strategies to reduce the environmental impact of climate change.Not Availabl

Integrated Farming Systems as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change: Case Studies from Diverse Agro-Climatic Zones of India

Climate change impacts agricultural productivity and farmers’ income, integrated farming systems (IFS) provide a mechanism to cope with such impacts. The nature and extent of climatic aberrations, perceived impact, and adaptation strategies by the farmers reduce the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate 2160 IFS farmers about their perceptions of climate change, barriers, and the likelihood of adapting to the negative impacts of climate change. The study observed an increasing rainfall trend for humid (4.18 mm/year) and semi-arid (0.35 mm/year) regions, while a decreasing trend was observed in sub-humid (−2.02 mm/year) and arid (−0.20 mm/year) regions over the last 38 years. The annual rise in temperature trends observed in different ACZs varied between 0.011–0.014 °C. Nearly 79% of IFS farmers perceived an increase in temperature, decreasing rainfall, variability in the onset of monsoon, heavy terminal rains, mid-season dry spells, and frequent floods due to climate change. The arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid farmers’ adapted several measures in different components with an adaption index of 50.2%, 66.6%, 83.3%, and 91.6%, respectively. The majority of the IFS farmers perceived constraints in adopting measures to climate change, such as meta barriers, capacity barriers, and water barriers. Therefore, we infer that educated farmers involved in diversified and profitable farms with small to medium landholdings are concerned more about climate change in undertaking adaptive strategies to reduce the environmental impact of climate change

Wear behavior of chromium nitride coating in dry condition at lower sliding velocity and load

The wear behavior of the chromium nitride (CrN) coating on piston ring material against liner material was investigated under dry conditions at room temperatures. Cat iron alloy, widely used in manufacturing of piston rings and cylinder liners, was coated by physical vapor deposition method. Wear tests were carried out on a Pin-on-Disc tribometer. Simultaneous effect of sliding velocities (0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 m/s) and corresponding loads (10, 20, 30, and 40 N) on wear rate, friction coefficient, and temperature was analyzed. In conclusion, specific wear rate is decreasing by increase in load and velocity. The rise of temperature is 28 to 42 °C at the wear track room temperature resulting in a reduced coefficient of friction (COF) when the increase of load if from 10 to 40 N. The wear mechanism is a combination of mild to severe wear, three-body abrasion, and oxidation wear for dry conditions