Expression Profiles of 2 Phosphate Starvation-Inducible Phosphocholine/Phosphoethanolamine Phosphatases, PECP1 and PS2, in Arabidopsis

Phosphorus is essential for plant viability. Phosphate-starved plants trigger membrane lipid remodeling to replace membrane phospholipids by non-phosphorus galactolipids presumably to acquire scarce phosphate source. Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase 1 (PECP1) and phosphate starvation-induced gene 2 (PS2) belong to an emerging class of phosphatase induced by phosphate starvation and dephosphorylates phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) in vivo. However, detailed spatiotemporal expression pattern as well as subcellular localization has not been investigated yet. Here, by constructing transgenic plants harboring functional translational promoter–reporter fusion system, we showed the expression pattern of PECP1 and PS2 in different tissues and in response to phosphate starvation. Besides, the Venus fluorescent reporter revealed that both are localized at the ER. Characterization of transgenic plants that overexpress PECP1 or PS2 showed that their activity toward PEtn may be different in vivo. We suggest that PECP1 and PS2 are ER-localized phosphatases that show similar expression pattern yet have a distinct substrate specificity in vivo

Laporan kerja praktek PT. Guna Rasa Simomulyo, Surabaya

PT. Guna Rasa berdiri pada tahun 1976. Perusahaan ini merupakan milik perseorangan. Tujuan dari berdirinya perusahaan ini adalah untuk memperoleh penghasilan dari keuntungan kerja, untuk memberikan lapangan kerja bagi masyarakat di sekitar pabrik, dan menjual mie sebagai makanan alternatif. Proses pembuatan mie dimulai dengan mencampur tepung terigu dan ditambahkan air yang sudah diberi bahan-bahan adiktif. Kemudian adonan masuk ke mesin roll press untuk membentuk lembaran-lembaran tipis yang selanjutnya akan melewati mesin pencetak mie menjadi untaian mie yang bergelombang yang siap untuk dikukus. Setelah melewati proses pemasakan kemudian mie didinginkan sementara untuk kemudian dipotong menggunakan pisau pemotong yang dilengkapi dengan penyodok yang berfungsi melipat mie menjadi dua lipatan. Mie yang telah dicetak selanjutnya dimasukkan ke dalam oven untuk mengurangi kadar air dalam mie hingga kurang dari 10% . Setelah matang, mie tersebut dialirkan melalui cooling fan (alat pendingin) untuk melepaskan sisa-sisa uap panas dari produk dan membuat tekstur mie menjadi keras dan kemudian mie siap untuk dikemas. Produk yang dipasarkan oleh PT. Guna Rasa adalah mie kering cap 'Belalang'. Daerah pemasaran mie kering cap 'Belalang' adalah di Jawa Timur, meliputi Surabaya, Malang, Sidoarjo, dan sekitarnya. Dari tugas khusus yang diberikan oleh PT. Guna Rasa didapatkan hasil bahwa : Kadar air dari mie kering cap 'Belalang' adalah 6,7% Berat susutan bahan pada proses pembuatan mie kering cap 'Belalang' adalah 11,33%. Berkenaan dengan tugas khusus yang diberikan PT. Guna Rasa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari segi kadar air, mie kering cap 'Belalang' telah memenuhi standar mutu SII no.0178-90 bahwa kadar air maksimal untuk mie kering mutu I adalah 8%. Sedangkan kadar air pada mie kering cap 'Belalang' adalah 6,7%

Cu(ll), Co(ii), and Ni(ii)– Antioxidative Phenolate-Glycine Peptide Systems: An Insight into Its Equilibrium Solution Study

The stability of complex formation between divalent transition metal ions, phenolates and glycine peptides was studied at 298.15 K in aqueous solution with an ionic strength of 0.15 mol· dm−3 NaNO 3. HYPERQUAD 2008, a program based on nonlinear least-squares curve fitting, was used to determine the stability constants of the complexes formed from the pH-potentiometric data. The trends in stability constants of the complexes and the contribution of deprotonated or undeptotonated amide peptide in the stability constant were discussed. From the stability constants that obtained, the representative species distribution diagrams of copper complexes were provided by the HYSS 2009 program. In addition, structures of the formed complexes were predicted by using the Gaussian 09 program. The Gibbs free energies of these complexes were also evaluated in the simulation

Nickel and Cobalt Complexes of Non-protein L-Norvaline and Antioxidant Ferulic Acid: Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Studies

Binary and mixed-ligand complexes of Ni2+ and Co2+ involving L-norvaline (Nva) and ferulic acid (FA) have been investigated in aqueous solutions by pH potentiometry and UV–visible spectrophotometric techniques, at 298.15 K and fixed ionic strength (0.15 mol⋅dm−3, NaNO3). The overall stability constants of the Ni2+ and Co2+ complexes with the ligands studied were obtained by the HYPERQUAD2008 program from the pH-potentiometric data. As a result of the numerical treatment, a model composed of seven species NiNva+, NiNva2, NiNvaH−1, NiNva−−2, NiFA, NiFAH−−1 and NiNvaFA− was obtained for the Ni2++Nva+FA system, whereas for the Co2++Nva+FA system the complexes CoNva+, CoNva2, CoNvaH−1, CoNvaH−−2, CoFA, CoFAH−−1, and CoNvaFA− were obtained. The complex species distributions in certain pH ranges were calculated by the HySS2009 simulation program. Spectroscopic UV–visible measurements were carried out to give qualitative information about the complexes formed in these solutions

COMPLEX STABILITY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF METAL IONS (CU2+, ZN2+,AND MN2+) WITH PYROCATECHUIC ACID LIGAND.

A natural phenolic compound namely pyrocatechuic acid or 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid has been known for its biological activity as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. This compound shows a potential chelating ability to bind metal ions through its three oxygen donor atoms. This ability seems to be promising for metal intoxication by chelation. In this study, the chelating ability of PA towards metal ion was expressed as “equilibrium constant” which shown the stability of the chelate complex formed. The investigated metal ions are Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+. Potentiometric method was used for the determination of the equilibrium constant. The potentiometric method was carried out in aqueous solution which mimic human body fluid, with ionic strength of 0.15 mol•dm-3 NaCl at temperature 37°C. The formation of chelate complex was confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements. The result showed that the two oxygen donor atoms from hydroxyl group of PA were found to bind the metal ion. The stability of the metal complexes were increased as the ionic radius of the metal ion is decreased, where the complex that has highest stability is Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+. Additionally, the species distribution of the metal complexes in function of pH was presented graphically by using HySS2009

Equilibrium study of complex formation among trivalent metals, glycine peptides and phenolates in aqueous solution

The stability of binary and mixed-ligand complexes among trivalent transition metal ions (chromium and iron), glycine peptides (glycylglycine and glycylglycylglycine) and phenolates (ferulic acid and gallic acid) were studied by using pH-potentiometric titration in aqueous solution at 298.15 K and ionic strength of 0.15 mol�dm-3 NaNO3. The complexation model for each system was obtained by processing the potentiometric titration data using the HYPERQUAD2008 program. The stability constant trend of complexes in both systems and the contributions of deprotonated or protonated amide peptides to the stability of the complexes is discussed. The stability of the mixed-ligand complexes relative to their corresponding binary complexes was also investigated by calculating the Dlog10 K parameter of each system. In addition, the Gibbs energies of reaction (DrG) obtained from the Gaussian modeling program with B3LYP/6-31?G(d) basis set were used to verify the contributing binding sites of the ligands and to predict the structures of the M–L complexe

Solution equilibria studies of complexes of divalent metal ions with 2-aminophenol and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

The chelation abilities of 2-aminophenol and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with divalent metal ions (Cu 2+ , Be 2+ ,Zn 2+ ,Ni 2+ ,Co 2+ and Mn 2+ ) in binary and ternary systems at 37 ± 0.1 ° C and an ionic strength of 0.15 mol dm -3 NaCl were systematically investigated by using the potentiometric titration method. The chelating abilities of these complexes were obtained by processing the titration data using the Hyperquad2008 program and the results are presented as stability constants. In a binary system, it was shown that metal complexation involving 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (ligand D) is more stable than the one with 2-aminophenol (ligand A). The stability of the formed metal complexes, both in binary and ternary systems, decreases in the following order: Cu 2+ >Be 2+ >Zn 2+ >Ni 2+ >Co 2+ >Mn 2+ . The tendency of these metals and ligands to form binary or ternary complexes was also evaluated and discussed by cal- culating their D log K M and log X values. In addition, the distribution of complex species in these systems was graphically presented using the HySS2009 program. UV–Vis spectrophotometry was also performed to qualitatively verify the protonation of these ligands and to confirm the model of the complex formed

Carbon microsphere from water hyacinth for supercapacitor electrode

In this study, water hyacinth was hydrolyzed to sugars with dilute sulphuric acid (0.25 M) under subcritical water conditions (P = 20 bar, T = 130 8C) for 2 h. The sugar solution was then carbonized under subcritical conditions to produce carbon microsphere. The subcritical water carbonization was conducted at 40 bar and various temperatures (160–200 8C) and times (6–10 h). The highest yield of carbon microspheres was 0.1019 g/g dry water hyacinth at the temperature of 200 8C for 10 h. The carbon microsphere was activated using a combination of chemical (KOH solution) and physical (microwave) treatments to increase the specific surface area and porosity of carbon microsphere. Electrocapacitive study of carbon microspheres showed that the carbon microsphere activated at impregnation ratio of 1:1 and microwave power of 630 W has the highest specific capacitance and excellent electrochemical stability

Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Hybrid Composites for Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds

Environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic emissions is a growing concern throughout the world; volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main constituents that make up the emissions. In handling VOCs, adsorption is considered the most efficient method to date. Engineers have been intensively studied the synthesis and usage of metal–organic frameworks (MOF) as versatile adsorbents for many types of VOC. Improving adsorption efficiency and performance is a routine agenda in the development of the MOF; prior to achieving an efficient MOFs as VOCs adsorbents, insight to MOF-key features such as structure, pore, and the functional group is very crucial. To this end, several topics related to adsorption of VOCs by MOF is discussed; specifically, the adsorption performance of some MOFs against VOCs, the effect of some key-features of MOF to the adsorption performance, the development of MOF composite for improvement of adsorption performance, analytical method for modeling the adsorption, and factors influencing the adsorption performance

Complex equilibrium study of some hydroxyl aromatic lignds with beryllium ion

Equilibrium studies of beryllium with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid in an aqueous solution at 310.15 K, an ionic strength of 0.15 mol•dm − 3NaCl and pH 2.5 to 11.0 were investigated by the pH-potentiometric method. Stability constants of the complexes were determined by HyperQuad2008 and presented as log β. Contributing binding sites of these ligands were evaluated by comparing its log β with some structurally related ligands such as catechol and salicylic acid. Spectrophotometric measurements were done to con firm the formation of thecomplex species. Geometry optimization and frequencyanalysis of thecomplexes were performed by using Gaussian09W program to verify the contributing binding sites. The results indicate that the ability of ligands in preventing the hydrolysis of Be 2+ follows the order: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid N2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid N gallic acid