Two History Cases of Innovations

In late 1970s and through 1980s the Soviet Government and the Communist Party encouraged engineers and scientists to develop innovations, to implement them in order to optimize and to increase the effectiveness of the national economy. “The economy must be economical” was the slogan of this policy. The R@D programs were well funded by the State. The paper describes two failures, linked up with implementation of cost-saving innovations: explosion of a 10,000 m3 liquid ammonia storage tank, and failure of a raft footing on largely spaced piles

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMMES FOR IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL LITERACY TO HIGH SCHOOL

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной в условиях современной экономической реальности теме формирования финансово грамотного поведения населения как необходимого условия повышения уровня и качества жизни граждан. Предметом анализа выступают инструменты и технологии формирования финансовой грамотности в образовательных программах высшей школы. Авторы ставят целью разработать примерную рабочую программу дисциплины в области формирования финансовой грамотности студентов высшей школы и формирования универсальной компетенции «Экономическая культура».Метод или методология проведения работы. Для достижения поставленной цели авторы используют качественные методы исследования, включая контент-анализ документов и эмпирическое обобщение.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что авторами разработана примерная рабочая программа дисциплины в области формирования финансовой грамотности студентов высшей школы и формирования универсальной компетенции «Экономическая культура», в которой: определено содержание универсальной компетенции «Экономическая культура», составлена модернизированная матрица результатов обучения и тем дисциплины, предложены соответствующие средства достижения планируемых результатов обучения с точки зрения деятельности преподавателя и студента, разработан Паспорт компетенции, примеры методических материалов и оценочных средств для дисциплины, а также критерии оценивания результатов обучения.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в образовательных программах высшей школы для эффективной организации деятельности по повышению охвата и качества финансового образования.Purpose. The article is devoted to the topical in modern political-economic reality theme of architectonics of the state. The subject of analysis is the physical-ontological and social-political doctrines T. Hobbes. The author aims to reveal the category of the body as the primordial concept of Hobbes’ metaphysics.The article is devoted to the relevant in today’s economic realities, the topic of formation of financially literate behavior population as a prerequisite to improving the level and quality of life of citizens. The subjects of analysis are the tools and technologies of forming financial literacy educational programs of high school. The authors aim to develop a sample working program of discipline in the field of financial literacy of high school students and the formation of universal competence “economic culture.Methodology. In order to achieve this purpose, the authors use qualitative research methods, including document content analysis and empirical synthesis.Results. The results of the study are that the authors developed a sample working program of discipline in the field of financial literacy of high school students and the formation of universal competence “economic culture”, in which: the contents of universal competence “economic culture”, modernized the results matrix training and discipline, however, suggest appropriate means to achieve the expected results in terms of learning teacher and student activities, designed by Passport competence, examples of teaching materials and assessment tools for the discipline, as well as criteria for the evaluation of learning outcomes.Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in educational programs of the graduate school for the efficient organization of activities to improve the coverage and quality of financial education

Gut microbiota and bacterial associations in monkeys with gastrointestinal diseases in the setting of helminth infestation

One of the topical issues of current primatology is spontaneous pathology in monkeys, primarily gastrointestinal infections, which are the leading ones in the morbidity and mortality patterns of the animals raised in captivity. Gastrointestinal pathology in monkeys involves complicated infectious processes, most often of associative type, with the formation of various bacterial and parasitic associations. The study demonstrates the results of gastrointestinal disease and helminth infestation monitoring as well as of the microbial flora spectrum analysis in monkeys in 2017–2022. Mortality of monkeys due to gastrointestinal diseases in the specified period amounted to 60.5%. The postmortem study demonstrated that the leading position in this pathology pattern in monkeys was taken by gastroenterocolitis (62.5%), with dominated chronic atrophic gastroenterocolitis in the acute phase (53.9%). The analysis of the six-year trend in animal mortality showed that the percentage of gastrointestinal diseases remained approximately at the same level every year. Helminth infestations were detected in 22.0% of the diseased animals and in 30.2% of the dead ones. Trichocephalus trichiurus was found in 93.3% of the diseased and in 99.7% of the dead monkeys, Strongyloides sp. – in 12.2% of the diseased and in 3.3% of the dead animals. Helminths were detected as mono- and less often as mixed infestations. In the isolated microflora, the top position was taken by the representatives of genus Proteus. The percentage of pathogenic enterobacteria detections was low, and Shigella flexneri was the leader among them. In monkeys that died from gastrointestinal diseases without parasitic infestation, the pathogenic enterobacteria detection rate was 2 times higher than in the infested animals. The microorganisms were isolated as monocultures and in associations. The microorganisms were isolated as monocultures and in associations Proteus spp. were detected more often. Gastrointestinal diseases of helminth-bacterial etiology in monkeys require complex therapy of the animals

Expediency of performing organ-saving operations in multifocal / multicentric breast cancer

The incidence of multifocal (MF) and multicentric (MC) carcinomas varies widely among clinical studies, depending on definitions and methods for pathological sampling. Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used because it can help identify additional and conventionally occult tumors with high sensitivity. However, false positive lesions might incorrectly influence treatment decisions. therefore, preoperative biopsies must be performed to avoid unnecessary surgery. Most studies have shown higher lymph node involvement rates in MF/MC tumors than in unifocal tumors. However, the rate of local recurrences is usually low after breast conservative treatment (BCt) of MC/MF tumors. It has been suggested that BCt is a reasonable option for MC/MF tumors in women aged 50-69 years, with small tumors and absence of extensive ductal carcinoma in situ. A metaanalysis showed an apparent decreased overall survival in MC/MF tumors but data are controversial. Surgery should achieve both acceptable cosmetic results and negative margins, which requires thorough preoperative radiological workup and localization of lesions. Boost radiotherapy techniques must be evaluated since double boosts might result in increased toxicity, namely fibrosis. In conclusion, BCt is feasible in selected patients with MC/MF but the choice of surgery must be discussed in a multidisciplinary team comprising at least radiologists, surgeons and radiotherapists.Частота встречаемости мультифокальных (МФ) и мультицентричных (МЦ) карцином широко варьируется среди клинических исследований в зависимости от определений и методов морфологического исследования. Применение магнитно-резонансной томографии широко распространено в связи с возможностью точного распознания дополнительных скрытых опухолей. Однако, ложноположительные поражения могут привести к некорректному выбору лечения. Таким образом, необходимо проведение дооперационных биопсий во избежание неоправданного хирургического вмешательства. Большинство исследований продемонстрировали более высокие показатели поражения лимфатических узлов при МФ/МЦ опухолях по сравнению с унифокальными. однако, частота местного рецидива обычно ниже после проведения органосохраняющего лечения при МФ/МЦ опухолях. Предполагается, что органосохраняющее лечение является целесообразным при МФ/МЦ опухолях в случае с пациентами в возрасте 50-69 лет с небольшими опухолями и отсутствием обширной протоковой карциномы in situ. Согласно метаанализу, наблюдаются низкие показатели общей выживаемости при МФ/МЦ опухолях, однако данный факт остается под вопросом. Хирургическое вмешательство должно обеспечивать как должный косметический результат, так и гистологически чистые края резекции, что требует тщательного рентгенологического исследования и локализации поражений. Необходимо тщательно изучить особенности бустерного облучения, поскольку двойная доза облучения может привести к повышенной токсичности, в частности к развитию фиброза. В заключение, органосохраняющее лечение целесообразно в случае с определенной группой пациентов с МФ/МЦ опухолями, однако решение относительно выбора хирургического вмешательства должно приниматься в рамках междисциплинарного взаимодействия рентгенолога, хирургов и специалистов по лучевой терапии

MODERN ASPECTS OF THE COMBINED PATHOLOGY: BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND DISEASES OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SEGMENTS AMONG CHILDREN

The article is devoted to the combined pathology in childhood, namely a combination of bronchial asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The authors highlighted the key theories of the disease etiopathogenesis under alternating environmental conditions. They also highlighted the results of their own studies.Key words: bronchial asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, children

ENZYMOTHERAPY IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

This article reviews possibilities of enzyme medicine usage with pancreas malfunctions and gastrointestinal tract motility disorders in children. The authors also call readers' attention to possible causes of malfunctions, clinical aspects and key diagnostic methods of the pathology.Key words: pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, malfunction, enzymotherapy, children

MODERN ASPECTS OF THE COMBINED PATHOLOGY: BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND DISEASES OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SEGMENTS AMONG CHILDREN

The article is devoted to the combined pathology in childhood, namely a combination of bronchial asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The authors highlighted the key theories of the disease etiopathogenesis under alternating environmental conditions. They also highlighted the results of their own studies.Key words: bronchial asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, children

SICKLY CHILDREN: THE RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY

The problem of frequent respiratory infections is the most relevant for sickly children. The author stresses that young children and children attending organized child care centers are more prone to acute respiratory diseases. Paper is devoted to prevention and rational treatment of acute respiratory infections in sickly children. Examples of the improper use of the immunomodulating therapies encountered in practice are cited. It is shown that in the absence of specific prevention, the most effective in terms of evidence-based medicine, is an immunomodulator of bacterial origin, particularly ribosomal-proteoglikan complex. Key words: sickly children, acute respiratory infections, prevention, treatment, immunomodulators, ribosomal-proteoglikan complex. (Pediatric Pharmacology. — 2011; 8 (5): 109–112.

ENZYMOTHERAPY IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

This article reviews possibilities of enzyme medicine usage with pancreas malfunctions and gastrointestinal tract motility disorders in children. The authors also call readers' attention to possible causes of malfunctions, clinical aspects and key diagnostic methods of the pathology.Key words: pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, malfunction, enzymotherapy, children

SICKLY CHILDREN: THE RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY

The problem of frequent respiratory infections is the most relevant for sickly children. The author stresses that young children and children attending organized child care centers are more prone to acute respiratory diseases. Paper is devoted to prevention and rational treatment of acute respiratory infections in sickly children. Examples of the improper use of the immunomodulating therapies encountered in practice are cited. It is shown that in the absence of specific prevention, the most effective in terms of evidence-based medicine, is an immunomodulator of bacterial origin, particularly ribosomal-proteoglikan complex. Key words: sickly children, acute respiratory infections, prevention, treatment, immunomodulators, ribosomal-proteoglikan complex. (Pediatric Pharmacology. — 2011; 8 (5): 109–112.