A General Method · for the Synthesis of Y- and d - Keto Esters

A method for th\u27e preparation of y- and 1-keto esters is described. The sodio derivative of 1,1-di-tert-butyl-2-ethylethanetricarboxylate or 1,1-di-tert-butyl-3-ethylpropanetricarboxylate is acylated with a carboxylic acid chloride. Elimination of tert-butyl groups and decarboxylation are accomplished by heating the acylated triester in toluene with a catalytic amount of p -toluenesulphonic acid. Under these conditions the carbethoxy group remains unattacked

Synthesis of 1,1-di-tert-Butyl-2-ethyl ethanetricarboxylate and 1,1-di-tert-Butyl-3-ethyl propanetricarboxylate

The synthesis of 1,1-dii-tert-butyl-2-ethyl ethanetricarboxylate (I) and 1,1-di-tert-butyl-3-ethyl propanetricarboxylate (II) is described. The ·reaction of ,di-tert-butyl malonate w i th ethyl bromoacetate gives I, and the Michael condensation between di-tert-butyl malonate and ethyl acrylate gives II. In both cases the yields are very good

A General Method · for the Synthesis of Y- and d - Keto Esters

A method for th\u27e preparation of y- and 1-keto esters is described. The sodio derivative of 1,1-di-tert-butyl-2-ethylethanetricarboxylate or 1,1-di-tert-butyl-3-ethylpropanetricarboxylate is acylated with a carboxylic acid chloride. Elimination of tert-butyl groups and decarboxylation are accomplished by heating the acylated triester in toluene with a catalytic amount of p -toluenesulphonic acid. Under these conditions the carbethoxy group remains unattacked

Pressure effects on the transport coefficients of Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2

We report the temperature dependence of the resistivity and thermoelectric power under hydrostatic pressure of the itinerant antiferromagnet BaFe2As2 and the electron-doped superconductor Ba(Fe0.9Co0.1)2As2. We observe a hole-like contribution to the thermopower below the structural-magnetic transition in the parent compound that is suppressed in magnitude and temperature with pressure. Pressure increases the contribution of electrons to transport in both the doped and undoped compound. In the 10% Co-doped sample, we used a two-band model for thermopower to estimate the carrier concentrations and determine the effect of pressure on the band structure

Translokacija i retranslokacija kadmijuma u grašku (Pisum sativum L.)

Under semi-controlled conditions, we studied cadmium (Cd) translocation and retranslocation in the aphylla pea cultivar Jezero at two stages of growth and development. The applied Cd concentrations were 0 (control), 10-7 and 10-5 M Cd and the age of plants at the time of treatment was 26 and 63 days. The application of Cd via the root lasted for 48 h. The plants were analyzed immediately after the treatment, 38 days later and at maturity. Dry matter mass and Cd contents were determined in individual plant organs. The results showed that dry mass had decreased noticeably depending on the Cd concentration used and plant age. The decrease of dry matter mass in both vegetative and generative plant organs was more significant when Cd was applied at flowering (63 day-old plants) than when the plants were younger (25 day-old). In all the treatments, the highest Cd content was found in the root. The translocation of Cd from the root to the aboveground vegetative and generative plant parts took place and it was relatively more intensive at the lower Cd concentration than at the higher one. The possibility that a minor amount of Cd was retranslocated from the leaves to the seeds and pods could not be ruled out either.Proučavana je translokacija i retranslokaiija kadmijuma (Cd) u afila tipu graška sorte Jezero, u dva stadijuma rasta i razvića, u polukontrolisanim uslovima. Primenjene koncentracije Cd bile su 0 (kontrola), 10-7 i 10-5 M Cd, a starost biljaka u vreme tretmana bila je 26 i 63 dana. Tretmani Cd preko ko-rena trajali su po 48 h. Biljke su analizirane neposredno nakon tretmana, 38 dana kasnije i u fazi zrelosti. Suva masa biljaka i sadržaj Cd određeni su u pojedinačnim biljnim organima. Rezultati su pokazali da se masa suve materije značajno smanjila u zavisnosti od primenjene koncentracije Cd i starosti biljaka. Smanjenje mase suve materije i vegetativnih i generativnih organa bilo je značajnije kada je Cd primenjivan u fazi cvetanja (63 dana stare biljke) nego kada su biljke bile mlađe (25 dana stare). Kod svih tretmana, najviši sadržaj Cd utvrđen je u korenu. Takođe, došlo je do translokacije Cd iz korena u nadzemne vegetativne i generativne biljne organe i ovaj proces je bio relativno intenzivniji kada je primenjena koncentracija Cd bila niža. Mogućnost da je došlo do retranslokacije minimalnih količina Cd iz listova u mahune takođe ne može biti isključena

Opasnost za zdravlje u proizvodnji i primjeni pesticida

The results of a long-term survey of working conditions and health status of workers in a pesticide industry in Serbia are presented. The survey has been completed with ophthalmological findings as well as with a description of ten cases of intoxication in pesticide applicators. The difficulties in assessing health hazards in the course of simultaneous exposure to products known for different toxicodynamic properties are pointed out. In conclusion the authors suggest further improvement of preventive measures as well as a more systematic investigation of the combined effects of pesticides in which ophthalmological examinations should be included.Prikazani su rezultati višegodišnjeg praćenja radnih uvjeta i zdravstvenog stanja radnika jedne industrije pesticida u Srbiji. Izvještaj obuhvaća i podatke oftalmoloških pretraga jednog dijela izloženih radnika kao i deset slučajeva otrovanja u toku primjene pesticida. Istaknute su teškoće pri ocjeni opasnosti kada se radi o istodobnoj izloženosti komercijalnim pripravcima različita mehanizma djelovanja. U zaključcima su dani prijedlozi za djelotvorniju preventivu profesionalnih otrovanja kao i za temeljitiji studij mogućih kombiniranih učinaka pesticida pri kojem se, po mišljenju autora, valja koristiti i oftalmološkim nalazima

Polymorphisms of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes in women of central Serbia: Absence of association with uterine myoma

Since glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are involved in cellular protection, we aimed to determine the distribution of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in women in central Serbia in order to assess the risk of development of uterine myoma. The study consisted of 34 clinically diagnosed uterine myoma patients and 35 healthy control women. Analyses of GST polymorphism were carried out by multiplex PCR. Our results showed no significant differences in the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes between the patients and controls. Using the GSTT1 positive/GSTM1 positive combination as reference, there was no statistically significant risk of uterine myoma with the combination of GSTT1 null and GSTM1 null genotypes. We conclude that polymorphism of both GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes, alone or in combination, did not present the main risk for uterine myoma in women from central Serbia.[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III41010 i br. ON 175103

Analysis of training load and performance in designing smart bodyweight power training: effects of set structure in vertical jumping sessions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of set structures in designing bodyweight power training (BWPT). Specifically, we compared the effects of the cluster set structure undulating variant (CSSUV) and the traditional set structure (TSS) on training load and performance during vertical jumping sessions. Sixteen active males participated in this study. We designed four training sessions that consisted of 144 countermovement jumps distributed into 12 sets, where the number of repetitions varied for the CSSUV sessions, whereas for TSS sessions the number of repetitions was fixed. In addition, both of the applied set structures included sessions with short (60 seconds) and long rest periods (120 seconds), while training volume was separately analysed for the first six sets (small volume) and the last six sets (large volume). External load, internal load, and performance variables were calculated. The results suggest that CSSUV allows superior utilization of applied external load, reduction of internal load and overall higher performances that are maintained during entire training session compared to TSS (p<.05). The present study provides important findings about advantages of CSSUV over TSS in terms of external load, internal load, and performances during vertical jumping sessions, and therefore, it might be more suitable approach to designing BWPT

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Extractive Substances from Galium verum L.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (US-AE) of total extractive substances from the herb Lady`s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) is useful extraction method for its application in food manufacturing. The effect of different temperatures (T) and solvent-to-solid ratios (S) on the US-AE extraction yield was studied in this paper. The influence and optimum of the operating parameters (T and S) was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The T and S had impact on extraction yield. RSM showed that the optimal extraction parameters, which gave a maximum extraction yield of 18.7%, were T of 40 oC and S of 30 kg kg-1. Using modeled optimized conditions, detected relative difference between predicted and experimental yield was 3.3 %. RSM successfully predicted optimal parameters and proved as useful tool for standardization of extraction conditions for bioactive components from plants important for food industry