Fast solar image classification using deep learning and its importance for automation in solar physics

The volume of data being collected in solar physics has exponentially increased over the past decade and with the introduction of the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) we will be entering the age of petabyte solar data. Automated feature detection will be an invaluable tool for post-processing of solar images to create catalogues of data ready for researchers to use. We propose a deep learning model to accomplish this; a deep convolutional neural network is adept at feature extraction and processing images quickly. We train our network using data from Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) Hα images of a small subset of solar features with different geometries: filaments, prominences, flare ribbons, sunspots and the quiet Sun (i.e. the absence of any of the other four features). We achieve near perfect performance on classifying unseen images from SOT (≈ 99.9%) in 4.66 seconds. We also for the first time explore transfer learning in a solar context. Transfer learning uses pre-trained deep neural networks to help train new deep learning models i.e. it teaches a new model. We show that our network is robust to changes in resolution by degrading images from SOT resolution (≈0.33′′ at λ=6563 Å) to Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) resolution (≈1.2′′) without a change in performance of our network. However, we also observe where the network fails to generalise to sunspots from SDO/AIA bands 1600/1700 Å due to small-scale brightenings around the sunspots and prominences in SDO/AIA 304 Å due to coronal emission

Tellurium, selenium and cobalt enrichment in Neoproterozoic black shales, Gwna Group, UK : Deep marine trace element enrichment during the Second Great Oxygenation Event

We are grateful to John Still for his skilled technical support and the ACEMAC facility at the University of Aberdeen. Research funded by NERC grant NE/M010953/1 and NERC facility grant IP-1631-0516. AJB is funded by NERC support of the Isotope Community Support Facility SUERC. The authors thank Eva Stüeken, Ross Large and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive feedback on the original manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Note On The Adoption Of The Euro Compared To The Adoption Of Federal Money In The United States

This paper compares and contrasts the experience of the European Community in creating a single monetary unit (the Euro) from the currencies of a dozen participating member states to the experience of the United States in creating a single monetary unit (the dollar) across the former colonies after the American Revolution.  The European Community was able to merge the member state currencies in a period of 23 years, while the United States experience lasted over 75 years.  By extensively reviewing the experience of the United States through contemporaneous textbooks, two factors are identified which may account for this difference.  First, the existence of a central bank, and second, the universal adoption of decimal currencies, which began with the United States experience

The Mundelein Encounter: A Catholic-Evangelical Model of Ecumenism

In the fall of 2013, a new initiative was undertaken in Chicago for Christian unity at “grass-roots” level. This initiative, which eventually became known as the Catholic-Evangelical Conversation (CEC), had its origin in the relationships of several individuals associated in different ways with the evangelical Lausanne Movement. The Lausanne vision, expressed in The Cape Town Commitment (https://www.lausanne.org/content/ctc/ctcommitment), animated the early discussions of John Armstrong, Norberto Saracco, and Douglas Birdsall, who shared their vision with Thomas A. Baima and Robert Barron. Individuals associated with the Lausanne Movement formed the early core of the evangelicals who became involved with the CEC. A second formative element of this conversation came from the vision of Pope Francis, who shares a growing need for unity for the sake of Christ’s mission. Individuals associated with the Archdiocese of Buenos Aries and Cardinal Bergoglio were early collaborators with the CEC. Both of these visions shape the direction of the CEC into the future

Diisopropylamide and TMP turbo-grignard reagents : a structural rationale for their contrasting reactivities

A neutral dimeric molecule in crystal form, the diisopropylamido turbo-Grignard reagent "(iPr2N)MgCl⋅LiCl" (see structure; blue N, red O, green Mg, yellow Cl, black C) separates into several charged ate species in dynamic exchange with each other in THF solution as determined by a combination of EXSY and DOSY NMR studies

Microscale Fluid Behavior during Cryo-EM Sample Blotting

Blotting has been the standard technique for preparing aqueous samples for single-particle electron cryo-microscopy for over three decades. This technique removes the excess solution from a transmission electron microscope grid by pressing absorbent filter paper against the specimen before vitrification. However, this standard technique produces vitreous ice with inconsistent thickness from specimen to specimen and from region to region within the same specimen, the reasons for which are not understood. Here, high-speed interference contrast microscopy is used to demonstrate that the irregular pattern of fibers in the filter paper imposes tortuous, highly variable boundaries during the removal of excess liquid from a flat, hydrophilic surface. As a result, aqueous films of nonuniform thickness are formed while the filter paper is pressed against the substrate. This pattern of nonuniform liquid thickness changes again after the filter paper is pulled away, but the thickness still does not become completely uniform. We suggest that similar topographical features of the liquid film are produced during the standard technique used to blot EM grids and that these manifest in nonuniform ice after vitrification. These observations suggest that alternative thinning techniques, which do not rely on direct contact between the filter paper and the grid, may result in more repeatable and uniform sample thicknesses

Systematic and Stochastic Variations in Pulsar Dispersion Measures

We analyze deterministic and random temporal variations in dispersion measure (DM) from the full three-dimensional velocities of pulsars with respect to the solar system, combined with electron-density variations on a wide range of length scales. Previous treatments have largely ignored the pulsar's changing distance while favoring interpretations involving the change in sky position from transverse motion. Linear trends in pulsar DMs seen over 5-10~year timescales may signify sizable DM gradients in the interstellar medium (ISM) sampled by the changing direction of the line of sight to the pulsar. We show that motions parallel to the line of sight can also account for linear trends, for the apparent excess of DM variance over that extrapolated from scintillation measurements, and for the apparent non-Kolmogorov scalings of DM structure functions inferred in some cases. Pulsar motions through atomic gas may produce bow-shock ionized gas that also contributes to DM variations. We discuss possible causes of periodic or quasi-periodic changes in DM, including seasonal changes in the ionosphere, annual variation of the solar elongation angle, structure in the heliosphere-ISM boundary, and substructure in the ISM. We assess the solar cycle's role on the amplitude of ionospheric and solar-wind variations. Interstellar refraction can produce cyclic timing variations from the error in transforming arrival times to the solar system barycenter. We apply our methods to DM time series and DM gradient measurements in the literature and assess consistency with a Kolmogorov medium. Finally, we discuss the implications of DM modeling in precision pulsar timing experiments.Comment: 24 pages, 17 figures, published in Ap

BORDERS (Reino Unido) (Escocia). NE. Mapas generales (1771). 1:63000

Dedicatoria : "To the Right Honourable Hug Hume Campbell Earl of Marchmont Viscount of Blasonberry Lor Palmarth &. &. This Map is most humbly Inscribed by his Lordships much obliged and most obedient humble Servants A., M,Armstrong"Escalas gráficas de 6 millas de 60 al grado [= 17,5 cm] y 6 millas de 69 1/2 al grado [= 15,2 cm]. Coordenadas referidas al meridiano de Londres (O 2°40'--O 1°29'/N 56°00'--N 55°36'). Orientado con lis en rosa de dieciséis vientos. Recuadro geográfico de 1' en 1'Diferencia por colores los límites entre parroquias, otras divisiones del condadoTabla de signos convencionales para indicar poblaciones, molinos de viento, caminos, montes, bosque, etc.Título enmarcado en cartela decorada con motivos vegetalesInserta : "A Plan of Greenlaw". Escala [1:2800], "230 feat to a Inch". Coordenadas de la ciudad referidas al meridiano de Londres (O 2°04'00''--N 55°45'20''