Monodentate versus Bidentate Anchoring Groups in Self-Assembling Molecules (SAMs) for Robust p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells

Current improvement in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been achieved by interface engineering and fine-tuning of charge-selective contacts. In this work, we report three novel molecules that can form self-assembled layers (SAMs) as an alternative to the most commonly used p-type contact material, PTAA. Two of these molecules have bidentate anchoring groups (MC-54 and MC-55), while the last one is monodentate (MC-45). Besides the PTAA comparison, we also compared those two types of molecules and their effect on the solar cell's performance. Devices fabricated with MC-54 and MC-55 showed a remarkable field factor (about 80%) and a better current density, leading to higher efficient solar cells in comparison to MC-45 and PTAA. Moreover, mono- and bidentate present higher stability and reproducibility in comparison to PTAA.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion Severo Ochoa Grant MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (CEX2019–000925-S). Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion PID2019–109389RB-I00. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2022-139866NB-I00 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE. AGAUR 2021 SGR 01261. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (2214/A International Research Fellowship Programme−1059B141801399). Council of Higher Education (YÖK) Project-Based Mevlana Exchange Programme (MEV-2016–056).With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).Peer reviewe

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Development of novel donor and acceptor sam molecules for photovoltaic applications Fotovoltaik uygulamalar için yeni nesil donör ve akseptör kendiliğinden organize tek katman moleküllerin geliştirilmesi

xx, 85 sayfa: resim29 cm. 1 CDABSTRACTSurface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) is a crucial factor to alter the energy level barrier between ITO and perovskite that has direct influence on the charge extraction and recombination at interface. This henomenon has further direct effect on device parameters such as open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and short circuit current density (JSC). This study was base on the synthesis of six novel SAM molecules to be used in fabrication of p-i-n type perovskite solar cells. Since proposed SAMs are of push-pull type molecular nature, contiguous thiophene rings were used as conjugated units in spacer group due to the fact that thiophene has lower delocalization energy and provide superior conjugation than that of benzene. Moreover, donor and acceptor type terminal groups were chosen in the structure of SAM molecules to synergistically examine their effect on device performance.ÖZETİndiyum kalay oksidin (ITO) yüzey modifikasyonu, perovskit ve ITO arasındaki enerji bariyerinin düzenlenmesi ile arayüzeydeki yüklerin ekstraksiyonu ve rekombinasyona direkt etkisi olan önemli bir faktördür. Bu olayın açık devre voltajı (VOC), doldurma faktörü ve kısa devre akım yoğunluğu (JSC) gibi cihaz parametreleri üzerinde doğrudan tesiri vardır.Bu çalışma, p-i-n tipi perovskit güneş hücrelerinin üretiminde kullanılacak altı yeni KOT (SAM) molekülünün sentezine dayanmaktadır. Önerilen SAM‘ler push-pull tipinde moleküler yapıya sahip olduklarından, bitişik tiyofen halkaları, tiyofenin daha düşük bir lokalizasyon enerjisine sahip olması ve benzenden daha üstün bir konjugasyon sağlaması nedeniyle ara gruptaki konjuge birimler olarak kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, cihaz performansındaki sinerjik etkilerini incelemek üzere SAM molekülü yapısında elektron verici ve elektron çekici uç gruplar eklenmiştir

TÜRKİYE'DE VERGİ UYUŞMAZLIKLARININ YARGILAMA AŞAMALARI

Hukuk dünyası içerisinde kimi zaman bireylerin kimi zaman ise devletin (idarenin) gerçekleştirdiği ya da gerçekleştirmediği eylemlerden ötürü hukuka aykırılıklar ve uyuşmazlıklar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Vergilemeyle ilgili işlemlerde de, mükellefler ve idare arasında uyuşmazlıklar (ihtilaflar) meydana gelebilmektedir. Vergi uyuşmazlıkları söz konusu olduğunda, bunun çözümü için idari aşamada sonuç alınamaması durumunda doğrudan yargı aşamasında çözülebilmesi mümkündür

Performance enhancement of inverted perovskite solar cells through interface engineering by TPD based bidentate self-assembled monolayers

WOS:000539377300038Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently appeared as a promising photovoltaic technology and attracted great interest in both photovoltaic industry and academic community. Numerous active researches related to the material processing and operational aspects of device fabrication are under progress since PSCs have a great potential for attaining higher performance compared to that of other solar cell technologies. In particular, interfacial engineering is a crucial issue for obtaining high efficiency in solar cells where perovskite absorber layer is deposited between hole and electron transport layers. In inverted type architecture, PEDOT:PSS is used as both hole transport layer and surface modifier; but unfortunately, this material bears instability due to its acidic nature. Thus, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) not only are considered as suitable alternative, but also their application is regarded as an efficient and cost effective method to modify electrode surface since it provides a robust and stable surface coverage. In this context, we have employed two novel N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD) based SAM molecules to customize indium tin oxide (ITO) surface in inverted type PSCs. Furthermore, fine-tuning of spacer groups enables us to study device performance depending on molecular structure. This study proposes promising materials for anode interface engineering and provides a feasible approach for production of organic semiconductor based SAMs to achieve high performance PSCs

Molecular engineering-device efficiency relation: Performance boosting of triboelectric nanogenerator through doping of small molecules

WOS:000849663100001Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising new generation systems with their basic motion-based working principle using both triboelectric and electrostatic effects. Today, the energy densities of TENGs are insufficient for many electronic devices and new strategies are needed to increase their power conversion efficiency. In this study, two different Perylene-based organic structures were added to the triboelectric layers as well as the electrochemical properties of these structures, and the device parameters related to these properties were investigated. A large variety of instrumental analyses, including cyclic voltammetry, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and so on, have been used to identify the relationship between doped molecules, their doping ratios, and obtained fiber structures. Depending on molecular structure and even any small variations in side groups of molecules, different doping rates brought about various device outputs. Compared with undoped layers, doping of small molecules led to a similar to 3.3 times increase in the maximum power of the best-performed devices, and a very high voltage value of 500 V was obtained. The analysis of doping with small molecules undertaken here has extended our knowledge of how material design improves the electrical output and contributes to the device performance in TENGs

Tobin vergisi tartışması

20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kapitalizmin evriminde yeni bir aşamaya gelinmiştir. Bu yeni aşamada sermaye birikiminin sağlanması üretimden ziyade finans sektörü aracılığı ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Küreselleşme ile sınırların önemini yitirdiği dünyada hareket eden paranın miktarı mal ticaretinin kat ve kat üstüne çıkmıştır. Finans kapital spekülatif bir karakter sergilemektedir. Spekülatif sermaye hareketleri özellikle 80’lerin sonundan itibaren gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, etkileri tüm dünyada hissedilen ciddi krizlerin oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda 1972 yılında nobel ödüllü iktisatçı James Tobin tarafından önerilen ve kendi adıyla anılan Tobin Vergisi, uluslararası sermaye hareketleri üzerine advalorem, düşük oranlı ve bütün ülkeler için geçerli olacak bir döviz işlem vergisidir. Önerildiği tarihte pek ilgi görmeyen bu fikir, spekülatif sermaye hareketlerinin olumsuz etkileri gözlenmeye başlandıkça tekrar tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Çeşitli ülkelerde Tobin Vergisi benzeri vergiler uygulanmış fakat deneyimler aynı yönde olmamıştır. Son olarak 2014 itibariyle Avrupa Birliği bünyesinde uygulanacak bir finansal işlem vergisinin tartışmaları sürmesi Tobin’in önerisinin güncelliğini koruduğunu göstermektedir.From the second half of the 20th century, the evolution of capitalism has reached a new stage. In this new stage, capital accumulation is carried out by financial sector rather than production. With globalization, the national borders lost their importance and the amount of money that moving around the world became times and times above than the amount of trade of goods. Finance capital has a speculative characteristic. Speculative capital movements has led to serious crises especially in developing countries, that effects are felt all over the world since the end of the '80s. In this context Tobin Tax is a low rate and ad valorem tax on foreign exchange transactions upon international capital movements which proposed in 1972 by nobel prize winner economist James Tobin and named after himself. The Tobin Tax idea is underrated first but witnessing the negative effects of speculative capital movements make it came into agenda repeatedly by time. Taxes like Tobin Tax have applied by various countries but the experiences have not been in the same direction. Finally on going discussions of a financial transaction tax to be applied in the European Union is the evidence of that Tobin’s idea keeps itself up to date