88 research outputs found
Antibiotic resistance control in Croatia
Gubitak djelotvornosti antibiotika ugrožava napredak u mnogim granama medicine. Europska Unija, stoga, traži od svih svojih zemalja Älanica da organiziraju praÄenje rezistencije na antibiotike u kliniÄki znaÄajnih bakterija, praÄenje potroÅ”nje antibiotika u zemlji, edukaciju o racionalnoj potroÅ”nji antibiotika djelatnika u zdravstvu i graÄana te da sve te aktivnosti koordinira jedno interdisciplinarno tijelo pri vladi (engl. intersectoral coordinating mechanism, ICM). U Hrvatskoj su aktivnosti praÄenja rezistencije na antibiotike zapoÄele 1996. g. osnivanjem Odbora za praÄenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike pri Akademiji medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske. Hrvatska se ukljuÄila u europske projekte praÄenja rezistencije i potroÅ”nje antibiotika (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, EARSS i European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption, ESAC) od samih njihovih osnutaka, a 2006. g. osnovana je Interdisciplinarna sekcija za kontrolu rezistencije na antibiotike (ISKRA) pri Ministarstvu zdravstva i socijalne skrbi RH kao hrvatski ICM. Hrvatska se ubraja u europske zemlje s visokom potroÅ”njom antibiotika i posljediÄno visokim stopama rezistencije na mnoge antibiotike.The loss of antibiotics jeopardizes the progress in many fields of medicine. Therefore the European Union expects every member country to organize the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption, education on rational antibiotic use for health professionals and citizens and to have a governmental Intersectoral coordinating mechanism (ICM) that will coordinate all the activities related to antibiotic resistance control. Antibiotic resistance surveillance in Croatia started with the foundation of the Croatian Committee for Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance at the Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences in 1996. Croatia readily joined the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS) and the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) and in 2006 the Croatian ICM (Interdisciplinarna sekcija za kontrolu rezistencije na antibiotike, ISKRA) was founded at the Croatian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Croatia belongs to a group of European countries with high antibiotic consumption and consequently high resistance rates for many antibiotics
Editorial
Antibiotici i rezistencija bakterijaAntibiotics and bacterial resistanc
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE - THE LEADING MEDICAL PROBLEM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY
SAŽETAK
Otpornost bakterija na antibiotike ugrožava ne samo lijeÄenje uobiÄajenih zaraznih bolesti, veÄ i napredak u mnogim granama medicine. Mnogi invazivni dijagnostiÄki i terapijski postupci razvili su se zahvaljujuÄi moguÄnosti profilakse i lijeÄenja infektivnih komplikacija. Stoga se borba protiv otpornosti na antibiotike ubraja u prioritete Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, te je jedan od zahtjeva VijeÄa Europske Unije postavljen svim Älanicama Unije. Sposobnost prilagodbe bakterija okruženju, velika je. MeÄu bakterijama razvili su se mnogobrojni razliÄiti mehanizmi otpornosti, te nema ni jednog antibiotika na koji se otpornost nije razvila. U najveÄe kliniÄke probleme ubrajaju se otpornost pneumokoka na penicilin i makrolide, meticilinska i viÅ”estruka otpornost bakterije Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), enterobakterije otporne na III. i IV. generaciju cefalosporina, karbapenem otporni Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Acinetobacter baumanii. Osnova kontrole
razvoja i Å”irenja otpornosti jest praÄenje postotka otpornosti i potroÅ”nje antibiotika u okruženju, edukacija o racionalnoj primjeni antibiotika kako lijeÄnika tako i bolesnika, te kontrola Å”irenja infekcija u izvanbolniÄkome (cijepljenje) i bolniÄkome (kontrola bolniÄkih infekcija) okruženju. Brza mikrobioloÅ”ka dijagnostika koja omoguÄuje ispravno i pravodobno postavljanje dijagnoze, bitna je
u racionalizaciji antimikrobne terapije. U Hrvatskoj, otpornost bakterija na antibiotike sustavno se prati od godine 1996., potroÅ”nja antibiotika izražena u definiranim dnevnim dozama na tisuÄu stanovnika dnevno (DDD/TID) prati se od godine 2001., a godine 2006. pokrenuta je inicijativa vezana uz pisanje nacionalnih smjernica.Development of antibiotic resistance jeopardizes not only our ability to treat classical infectious diseases but it also threatens progress in many fields of medicine. Many invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have developed due to our ability to prevent and treat infective
complications with antibiotics. The World Health Organization has, therefore, stated the control of antibiotic resistance to be one of its priorities and the European Union Council has put a request to all the Member states to combat antibiotic resistance. The ability of bacteria to adapt to their environment is huge and many resistance mechanisms have evolved so that there is no antibiotic to which resistance has not emerged. The major clinical problems include: pneumococcal resistance to penicillin and macrolides, mehticillin and multiple resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), enterobacteriaceae resistant to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. Antibiotic resistance control should be based on local antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption
surveillance, education of physicians and patients on rational antibiotic use and infection control in the community (vaccination) and hospital setting (nosocomial infection control). Rapid microbiological diagnostics contributes to the rational approach to antimicrobial use by enabling accurate and timely diagnosis. In Croatia national antibiotic resistance data are available since
1996, antibiotic consumption data expressed in defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants daily (DDD/TID) since 2001 and in 2006 development of national guidelines on antimicrobial therapy has been initiated
Antibiotic resistance ā the leading medical problem at the beginning of the 21st century
Rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike ugrožava ne samo lijeÄenje klasiÄnih zaraznih bolesti, veÄ i
napredak u mnogim granama medicine. Mnogi invazivni dijagnostiÄki i terapijski postupci su se razvili
zahvaljujuÄi moguÄnosti profilakse i lijeÄenja infektivnih komplikacija. Borba protiv rezistencije na
antibiotike se, stoga, ubraja u prioritete Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, a predstavlja i jedan od
zahtjeva VijeÄa Europske Unije postavljen svim Älanicama Unije. Sposobnost bakterija prilagoÄavanju
okolini je velik, te se meÄu njima razvio velik broj razliÄitih mehanizama rezistencije i ne postoji niti
jedan antibiotik na koji se rezistencija nije razvila. MeÄu najveÄe kliniÄke probleme se ukljuÄuju:
rezistencija pneumokoka na penicilin i makrolide, meticilinska i multipla rezistencija u Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA), enterobakterije rezistentne na III. i IV. generaciju cefalosporina, karbapenem
rezistentni Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Acinetobacter baumanii. Osnovu kontrole razvoja i Ŕirenja
rezistencije Äini praÄenje stopa rezistencije i potroÅ”nje antibiotika u vlastitoj sredini, edukacija o
racionalnoj primjeni antibiotika kako lijeÄnika tako i pacijenata te kontrola Å”irenja infekcija u
izvanbolniÄkoj (cijepljenje) i bolniÄkoj (kontrola bolniÄkih infekcija) sredini. Brza mikrobioloÅ”ka
dijagnostika, koja omoguÄuje ispravno i pravovremeno donoÅ”enje dijagnoze je bitna u racionalizaciji
antimikrobne terapije. U Hrvatskoj se rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike sustavno prati od 1996.g.,
potroÅ”nja antibiotika izražena u definiranim dnevnim dozama na tisuÄu stanovnika dnevno
(DDD/TID) od 2001.g., a 2006.g. je pokrenuta inicijativa o pisanju nacionalnih smjernica.Development of antibiotic resistance jeopardizes not only our ability to treat classical infectious
diseases but it also threatens progress in many fields of medicine. Many invasive diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures have developed due to our ability to prevent and treat infective complications
with antibiotics. The World Health Organization has, therefore, stated the control of antibiotic
resistance to be one of its priorities and the European Union Council has put a request to all the
Member states to combat antibiotic resistance. The ability of bacteria to adapt to their environment is
huge and many resistance mechanisms have evolved so that there is no antibiotic to which
resistance has not emerged. The major clinical problems include: pneumococcal resistance to
penicillin and macrolides, mehticillin and multiple resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
enterobacteriaceae resistant to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenem resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. Antibiotic resistance control should be based
on local antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption surveillance, education of physicians and
patients on rational antibiotic use and infection control in the community (vaccination) and hospital
setting (nosocomial infection control). Rapid microbiological diagnostics contributes to the rational
approach to antimicrobial use by enabling accurate and timely diagnosis. In Croatia national antibiotic
resistance data are available since 1996, antibiotic consumption data expressed in defined daily doses
per thousand inhabitants daily (DDD/TID) since 2001 and in 2006 development of national
guidelines on antimicrobial therapy has been initiated
Antibiotic Resistance of Causative Agents of Urogenital Infections
Odabir antibiotika za empirijsko lijeÄenje urogenitalnih
infekcija (UGI) nekada je bio jednostavan, no zbog velike i
Äesto iracionalne uporabe antibiotika danas se razvila znaÄajna
rezistencija meÄu velikim brojem uropatogena. U Hrvatskoj je
danas 50% E. coli i 30% P. mirabilis rezistentno na ampicilin, a
udio sojeva E. coli, koji produciraju beta-laktamaze proŔirenog
spektra (engl. āextended spectrum beta-lactamaseā, ESBL)
kreÄe se oko 2%. Ko-trimoksazol, zbog odliÄne eradikacije uzroÄnika
iz urogenitalnog podruÄja, dragocjen je lijek u lijeÄenju
infekcija mokraÄnog sustava (IMS), no nažalost, diljem svijeta,
pa i u Hrvatskoj, rezistencija E. coli na ko-trimoksazol iznosi viŔe
od 20% te je njegova uloga u empirijskoj terapiji IMS dovedena
u pitanje. U Europi se bilježi stalni porast rezistencije E. coli na
kinolone, Å”to je uoÄljivo i u Hrvatskoj, gdje je rezistencija E. coli
na kinolone dostigla 10%. Na mikoplazme, ureaplazme i klamidije
dobru djelotvornost pokazuju tetraciklini, makrolidi i neki
kinoloni. Rezistencija je u ovih patogena opisana, no joÅ” nije
poprimila kliniÄki znaÄajne razmjere. Rezistencija gonokoka na
penicilin i tetraciklin je visoka u nekim regijama svijeta, a u porastu
je i rezistencija na kinolone. Prethodna uporaba antibiotika,
prethodna hospitalizacija, uporaba kortikosteroida, dijabetes,
kroniÄna neuroloÅ”ka ili uroloÅ”ka bolest, boravak u domovima za
stare i nemoÄne, putovanje u regije s visokom incidencijom rezistentnih sojeva daljnji su riziÄni Äimbenici za stjecanje infekcije
multiplorezistentnim sojevima. Kako se veÄina UGI zapoÄinje
lijeÄiti empirijski, nužno je dobro poznavati sve riziÄne Äimbenike
te prevalenciju uzroÄnika i njihovu osjetljivost u lokalnoj sredini,
ali i u drugim regijama svijeta. Sustavne informacije o stopama
rezistencije mogu se dobiti preko European Antimicrobial Resistance
Surveillance System (EARSS), a za Hrvatsku dodatno i
preko Odbora za praÄenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike,
pri Akademiji medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske, koji prikuplja
podatke iz 30 centara u Hrvatskoj.The choice of an antibiotic to treat urogenital
infections (UGI) used to be easy. However, antibiotic resistance
of uropathogens has become an increasing problem because
of antibiotic overuse. In Croatia, 50% of E. coli and 30% of P.
mirabilis isolates are resistant to ampicillin, and the rate of
extended spectrum beta-lactamase (āESBLā) producing E. coli
is approx. 2%. Due to an excellent rate of bacterial eradication
from the urogenital tract, co-trimoxazole is a valuable therapeutic
option in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).
However, the resistance rate of E. coli to this drug has exceeded
20% in many parts of the world, including Croatia, thus putting
the co-trimoxazole role in the empiric therapy of UTI into question.
In Europe, the resistance of E. coli to quinolones has been
constantly increasing, and resistance rates in Croatia have reached
10%. Tetracyclines, macrolides and some quinolones have
good activity against mycoplasma, ureaplasma and chlamydia.
Resistance in these pathogens has been described, but has not
yet reached clinical signiļ¬ cance. Resistance to penicillin and
tetracycline in gonococci is high in some parts of the world, and
resistance to quinolones is increasing. Recent use of antibiotics,
recent hospitalization, use of corticosteroids, diabetes, chronic
neurologic or urologic disease, residence in a home for elderly
and disabled, and recent travel to the areas with known high
resistance rates are all considered as predisposing factors for
acquiring infection with a multiresistant organism. As the onset
of treatment of most urogenital infections is empirical, risk factors
along with prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of
uropathogens, both on national and international level, should
be well known. The most reliable and up-to-date antibiotic resistance
data could be obtained from the European Antimicrobial
Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS). For Croatia, they could
be also obtained from the Croatian Committee for Antibiotic
Resistance Surveillance of the Croatian Academy of Medical
Sciences that collects data from 30 centers in Croatia
Dvadeset godina primjene azitromicina ā osjetljivost najvažnijih uzroÄnika
Infekcije uzrokovane pneumokokima i beta-hemolitiÄkim streptokokom A (BHS-A) vrlo su Äeste infekcije pri kojima su makrolidi Äesto dragocjen izbor lijeÄenja. Osnovna dva naÄina na koja mikroorganizmi stjeÄu otpornost na makrolide jesu promjene ciljnog mjesta posredovane erm-genima, Å”to dovodi do rezistencije na sve makrolide, linkozamide i streptogramin B (MLSB-tip rezistencije) i aktivni efl uks, Å”to je kodirano mef-genima i dovodi do rezistencije na 14 i 15-Älanske makrolide, ali ne i linkozamide i streptogramine (M-tip rezistencije). Stope rezistencije na makrolide razliÄito su dobro dokumentirane u razliÄitim regijama u svijetu. U SAD-u je rezistencija invazivnih pneumokoka na makrolide viÅ”a od 20%, a u Europi prosjeÄno 16% s velikim oscilacijama meÄu zemljama. U Hrvatskoj
pneumokoki pokazuju MLSB-tip rezistencije, otpornost invazivnih
sojeva kreÄe se oko 15%, a u djeÄjoj populaciji 34%. BHS-A u SAD-u pokazuje rezistenciju na makrolide < 10%, u južnim zemljama
Europe > 20%, a u Hrvatskoj u posljednjem desetljeÄu izmeÄu 10% i 15%
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