AMMI and GGE biplot analyses of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] for agronomic performances under three environmental conditions

IntroductionThe two most common styles to analyze genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and estimate genotypes are additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype + genotype × environment (GGE) biplot. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find the winning genotype(s) under three locations, as well as to investigate the nature and extent of GEI effects on Bambara groundnut production.MethodsThe experiment was carried out in the fields of three environments with 15 Bambara groundnut accessions using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications each in Ibadan, Osun, and Odeda. Yield per plant, fresh seed weight, total number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight, length of seeds, and width of seeds were estimatedResultsAccording to the combined analysis of variance over environments, genotypes and GEI both had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on Bambara groundnut (BGN) yield. This result revealed that BGN accessions performed differently in the three locations. A two-dimensional GGE biplot was generated using the first two principal component analyses for the pattern of the interaction components with the genotype and GEI. The first two principal component analyses (PCAs) for yield per plant accounted for 59.9% in PCA1 and 40.1% in PCA2. The genotypes that performed best in each environment based on the “which-won-where” polygon were G8, G3, G2, G11, G6, and G4. They were also the vertex genotypes for each environment. Based on the ranking of genotypes, the ideal genotypes were G2 and G6 for YPP, G1 and G5 for FPW, G15 and G13 for TNPP, G3 and GG7 for HSW, G7 and G12 for LOS, and G10 and G7 for WOS. G8 was recorded as the top most-yielding genotype. G8, G4, G7, and G13 were high yielding and the most stable across the environments; G11, G14, and G9 were unstable, but they yielded above-average performance; G14, G12, G15, and G1 were unstable and yielded poorly, as their performances were below average. Bowen was the most discriminating and representative environment and is classified as the superior environment.DiscussionBased on the performance of accessions in each region, we recommend TVSU 455 (G8) and TVSU 458 (G3) in Bowen, TVSU 455 (G8) and TVSU 939 (G6) and TVSU 454 (G1) in Ibadan, and TVSU 158 (G2) and TVSU 2096 (G10) in Odeda. The variety that performed best in the three environments was TVSU 455 (G8). They could also be used as parental lines in breeding programs

Self– reported oral health and oral health– related quality of life among patients with diabetes mellitus in a tertiary health facility

Abstract Background Considering the inter-relationship between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and oral tissues, assessment of oral health status in relation to glycemic control might be informative about the disease condition, which might be pivotal to appropriate management and ultimately improve life satisfaction. This study therefore aimed to assess the pattern of self-reported diabetes related oral conditions and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients with DM at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and methods A cross- sectional study using an interviewer administered questionnaire was conducted among in- and out- patients being managed for DM by the Endocrinology unit of the hospital. Data collected included bio-data, medical history, self-reported oral conditions and dental service utilisation. The impact of oral health related quality of life was measured using OHIP-14. Oral examination was done to assess oral mucosal lesions and their oral hygiene status. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results Eighty-four patients with diabetes consisting 23 (27%) in-patients and 61 (63%) out-patients were enrolled. Males were 26(31%) and females 58(69%); their ages ranged from 22 to 88 years with a mean of 60.9 ± 12.8 years. Most (67%) of the participants had one or more self-reported oral complaints, dryness (20.4%) being the most common and bad breath (4.6%) as the least reported. Poor glycemic level was found to be higher among the in-patients (82%) with random blood glucose > 200 mg/dL during admission, compared to the out-patient participants (51%) who had fasting plasma glucose > 110 mg/dL. Their oral hygiene status was assessed using simplified oral hygiene index and documented as fair (65%), poor (25%) and good (10%). About two-thirds (61%) had ever visited a dentist, majorly due to toothache. Only the pain (21.9%) and physical disability (26.3%) components of OHIP-14 were mainly found to affect the participants’ OHRQOL. Conclusions This study found high rate of self- reported DM related oral conditions notably oral dryness, and periodontal diseases particularly as teeth mobility and spontaneous exfoliation. Nonetheless, most of the study participants had fair OHRQoL while its physical pain, functional limitation and psychological disability components were most reported

Serum vitamin D status and its relationship with insulin resistance amongst a cohort of Nigerian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a cardinal pathophysiological mechanism for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vitamin D has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D and IR among persons with T2DM in a tertiary health facility in Southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted at the medical outpatient clinic of a hospital in Nigeria. Participants included 120 patients with T2DM and 60 healthy controls. Levels of serum vitamin D, fasting insulin, and fasting plasma glucose were determined. IR was determined using the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Data obtained were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 22. Results: The mean serum vitamin D of the subjects with T2DM was significantly lower than the controls (35.84 ± 11.65 ng/mL vs. 44.71 ± 20.12 ng/mL; P < 0.001). The median HOMA-IR of the T2DM subjects was significantly higher than that of controls (2.26 [2.57] vs. 1.59 [1.53]; P = 0.002). The mean serum vitamin D was significantly higher among T2DM participants with HOMA-IR of less than 2 compared with participants who had HOMA-IR of greater than or equal to 2 (39.80 ± 13.22 ng/mL vs. 33.91 ± 9.75 ng/mL; P < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between serum vitamin D and HOMA-IR among patients with T2DM (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The finding of this study could signify that vitamin D levels may be used as a surrogate marker of IR