Ciclos de negocios en Colombia: 1980-2010

Se propone una cronología para los ciclos de negocios en la concepción clásica del NBER; esto es, fechas de picos y valles que se alternan en la actividad económica determinadas sin separar las series utilizadas en sus componentes transitorio y permanente. La cronología estimada sugiere que los cinco ciclos completos que se han presentado entre 1980 y 2010 son asimétricos y tienen una duración aproximada de 5,1 años. Las expansiones duran en promedio 4,1 años mientras que las contracciones tardan 1,1 años. Los resultados se derivan de la utilización del índice de difusión acumulado con 24 series.Ciclos de negocios, cronología, difusión, fases, expansión, recesión, valle, pico. Classification JEL: E23, E32.

Mapping common deleted regions on 5p15 in cervical carcinoma and their occurrence in precancerous lesions

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) exhibit frequent genetic changes in invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), and that these changes arise early during the carcinogenesis, in precancerous lesions. These data therefore suggest that loss of candidate tumor suppressor genes located on 5p is associated with the development of CC. However, the precise location of 5p deletions is not known. RESULTS: We performed a detailed deletion mapping of 5p in 60 cases of invasive CC. We found that 60% of the tumors exhibit a 5p loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The patterns of LOH allowed us to identify two minimal regions of deletions, one at 5p15.3 spanning a 5.5 cM genetic distance and a second site of 7 cM at 5p15.2-15.3. In addition, we also identified 5p deletions in 16% lesions of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). 5p LOH was found in 63% of HPV 16 positive tumors, while only 33% tumors with other HPV-types had 5p LOH. The differences in frequency of 5p LOH between tumors harboring HPV16 in combination with other HPV types and tumors harboring HPV16 DNA alone were significantly higher, suggesting a synergistic effect of high-risk types in causing genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate the presence of tumor suppressor gene(s) on 5p relevant to CC tumorigenesis

Variáveis associadas a abuso físico e psicológico ao casal

ResumenEl abuso físico y el abuso psicológico representan un problema de salud pública frecuente en mujeres colombianas. No obstante, pocas investigaciones exploran las variables asociadas en mujeres adultas. Objetivo: establecer variables psicosociales asociadas a abuso físico y psicológico en mujeres de Bogotá (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: se diseñó un estudio analítico transversal. Se solicitó la participación de mujeres adultas con pareja de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Se aplicaron las escalas: Apgar familiar (disfunción familiar), Escala de Rosenberg (autoestima), Cuestionario General de Salud (GHQ-12, trastornos mentales comunes) e Índice de Abuso a la Pareja (Index of Spouse Abuse, ISA-8, ISA-F e ISA-P). Mediante regresión logística se ajustaron la variables psicosociales asociadas al abuso físico y al abuso psicológico. Resultados: participaron 292 mujeres. La media para la edad fue 33,0 años (DE = 9,23). La prevalencia de baja autoestima fue del 29,1%; de disfunción familiar, del 82,5%; de trastornos mentales comunes, del 73,6%; de abuso psicológico, del 68,5% y de abuso físico, del 70,2%. Los trastornos mentales comunes (OR = 4,0; IC 95% 2,2-7,5), baja autoestima (OR = 2,4; IC 95% 1,2-4,7) y disfunción familiar (OR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-4,8) se asociaron a abuso psicológico; y baja autoestima (OR = 2,6; IC 95% 1,4-5,0) y trastornos mentales comunes (OR = 2,4; IC 95% 1,4-4,3) a abuso físico. Conclusiones: es alta la frecuencia de maltrato conyugal en mujeres de estrato socioeconómico bajo de Bogotá. El trastorno mental común y la baja autoestima se asocian a abuso psicológico y a abuso físico.Physical and psychological abuse (spouse abuse) are a common public health problem in women of Colombia. However, few investigations explore the variables associated in adult women. Objective: To establish psychosocial variables associated with spouse abuse in women in situations of vulnerability Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in which participated of adult women with a current partner dwelling in low socioeconomic status. It was applied the scales: family Apgar (family dysfunction), Rosenberg Scale (self-esteem), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12, common mental disorders) and Index of Spouse Abuse (physical abuse, ISA-F and; psychological abuse, ISA-P). Logistic regression was used to adjust associated variables with physical abuse and psychological abuse. Results: A total of 292 women participated. The mean age was 33.0 years (SD = 9.23) and for schooling, 6.7 years (SD = 2.8). The prevalence of 29.1% low self-esteem, family dysfunction was 82.5% of common mental disorders, 73.6%, psychological abuse, 68.5% and physical abuse, 70.2%. Common mental disorders (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 2.2-7.5), low self-esteem (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.7) and family dysfunction (OR = 2.3, 95% IC 1.1-4.8%) were associated with psychological abuse and low self-esteem (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-5.0) and; common mental disorders (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.4) with physical abuse. Conclusions: It is high the frequency of physical abuse and psychological abuse (spouse abuse) among women of low socioeconomic status of Bogotá. Common mental disorders and low self-esteem are associated with spouse abuse.O abuso físico e o abuso psicológico representam um problema de saúde pública freqüente em mulheres colombianas. Não obstante, poucas pesquisas exploram as variáveis associadas em mulheres adultas. Objetivo: estabelecer variáveis psicossociais associadas a abuso físico e psicológico em mulheres de Bogotá, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: criou-se um estudo analítico transversal. Solicitou-se a participação de mulheres adultas com cônjuge de estrato sócio-econômico baixo. Aplicaram-se as escalas: APGAR (disfunção familiar), escala de Rosenberg (auto-estima), Questionário de Saúde Geral (GHQ-12, transtornos mentais comuns) e Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA-8, ISA-F e ISA-P). Mediante regressão logística se ajustaram a variáveis psicossociais associadas ao abuso físico e ao abuso psicológico. Resultados: participaram 292 mulheres. A média para a idade foi 33,0 anos (DE=9,23). A prevalência de baixa auto-estima de 29,1%, de disfunção familiar foi 82,5%; de transtornos mentais comuns, 73,6%; de abuso psicológico, 68,5% e de abuso físico, 70,2%. Os transtornos mentais comuns (OR=4,0; IC95% 2,2-7.5), baixa auto-estima (OR=2,4; IC95% 1,2-4.7) e disfunção familiar (OR=2,3; IC95% 1,1-4.8) se associaram a abuso psicológico; e baixa auto-estima (OR=2,6; IC95% 1,4-5,0) e transtornos mentais comuns (OR=2,4; IC95% 1,4-4.3) a abuso físico. Conclusões: é alta a freqüência de abuso conjugal em mulheres de estrato sócio-econômico baixo de Bogotá. Transtorno mental comum e baixa auto-estima se associam a abuso psicológico e abuso físico

Elaboración de un protocolo para la implementación de energía fotovoltaica en edificios públicos del departamento de Cundinamarca. Caso modelo: municipios Fómeque y Jerusalén.

Trabajo de investigaciónEn este proyecto se propone un Protocolo de implementación de Energía solar Fotovoltaica en los edificios públicos de Cundinamarca que mejore la manera en la cual se realizan y se plantean proyectos en el sector público de Cundinamarca y en el marco de los resultados se arroje el diagnostico de los casos de estudio como lecciones aprendidas para así mejorar.INTRODUCCION 1. GENERALIDADES 2. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 3. METODOLOGÍA 4. PRODUCTOS A ENTREGAR 5. ENTREGA DE RESULTADOS ESPERADOS E IMPACTOS 6. CONCLUSIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSEspecializaciónEspecialista en Gerencia de Obras Civile

Mapping the Sites of Putative Tumor Suppressor Genes at 6p25 and 6p21.3 in Cervical Carcinoma: Occurrence of Allelic Deletions in Precancerous Lesions

Allelic deletions on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p) are one of the common, possibly early, genetic changes that occur in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma (CC). Previous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies in CC identified a number of critical regions of deletions on 6p. However, the precise location of minimally deleted regions and their role in precancer- ous lesions have not been well characterized. To address these questions, we first performed a detailed LOH analysis on 6p in 59 cases of invasive CC. The pattern of LOH identified two minimal regions of deletions, one spanning a 5 cM genetic distance at 6p25 and a second site of 10.3 cM deletion mapping to 6p21.3. The 6p21.3 minimal deletion spans HLA class I genes. To understand the role of 6p genetic alterations in the develop- ment of CC, we also investigated 12 high-grade and 4 low-grade cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) for LOH after laser microdissec- tion. The high-grade CINs exhibited 91.7% LOH, and low-grade CINs had 50% LOH. These findings implicate the presence of at least two tumor suppressor genes on 6p relevant to CC and suggest that these genetic alterations occur very early in CC development. This study should there- fore facilitate the identification of tumor suppressor genes on 6p and may identify which CINs are at high risk of progressing to invasive CC

Promoter hypermethylation-mediated inactivation of multiple Slit-Robo pathway genes in cervical cancer progression

BACKGROUND: Cervical Cancer (CC) exhibits highly complex genomic alterations. These include hemizygous deletions at 4p15.3, 10q24, 5q35, 3p12.3, and 11q24, the chromosomal sites of Slit-Robo pathway genes. However, no candidate tumor suppressor genes at these regions have been identified so far. Slit family of secreted proteins modulates chemokine-induced cell migration of distinct somatic cell types. Slit genes mediate their effect by binding to its receptor Roundabout (Robo). These genes have shown to be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in a number of human cancers. RESULTS: To test whether Slit-Robo pathway genes are targets of inactivation at these sites of deletion, we examined promoter hypermethylation of SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, ROBO1, and ROBO3 genes in invasive CC and its precursor lesions. We identified a high frequency of promoter hypermethylation in all the Slit-Robo genes resulting in down regulated gene expression in invasive CC, but the inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in CC cell lines failed to effectively reactivate the down-regulated expression. These results suggest a complex mechanism of inactivation in the Slit-Robo pathway in CC. By analysis of cervical precancerous lesions, we further show that promoter hypermethylation of Slit-Robo pathway occurs early in tumor progression. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings suggest that epigenetic alterations of Slit-Robo pathway genes (i) play a role in CC development, (ii) further delineation of molecular basis of promoter methylation-mediated gene regulation provides a potential basis for epigenetic-based therapy in advanced stage CC, and (iii) form epigenetic signatures to identify precancerous lesions at risk to progression

Propuesta didáctica de prevención ante posibles accidentes escolares en los estudiantes del I.E.D. República de Colombia por medio de los juegos recreativos teniendo como base de los primeros auxilios

El presente proyecto de grado consiste en abordar la temática que permita por medio una propuesta didáctica de la Educación Física que como metodología utilice la sensibilización con juegos recreativos en estudiantes de octavo B del I.E.D República de Colombia, esto con el fin de ofrecer una herramienta eficaz para así evitar posibles eventualidades de accidentes escolares, ya sea dentro o fuera del aula pues es una vía muy oportuna para la promoción y la educación para la salud. Esto a su vez trata de prevenir a toda la comunidad escolar en conocer elementos que son muy relevantes e importantes para el buen desarrollo personal y profesional del ser humano, y por tanto también permita contribuir en la formación de un ente social que sea integral y este fundamentado en un valor muy importante que es la solidaridad