Análise química de elementos potencialmente tóxicos em baterias e pilhas por FAAS e ICP OES

In this work analytical methods applied to batteries were developed. The first stage work consisted in the characterization of the active material of the samples and batteries. With Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) it was possible to calculate the mean particle size with a range from 8.08 to 22.96 μm and verifying the presence of toxic metals such as Cd, Cr and Ni. The Cd was found only in the nickel-cadmium - NiCd batteries only, the other potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg) were not detected. For the characterization of active material and the samples with the aid of X- Ray Diffraction (XRD) it was possible to identify the presence of chemical compounds. Leaching test was conducted to promote the extraction of toxic metals present in the active material of batteries. The leachates were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) for the quantification of metals Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. The procedure used to promote the extractions was the ABNT NBR 10.005/2004 devised for evaluating the toxicity of solid waste. The results obtained by the two techniques were concordant between themselves, with the application of the Student's t-test with 95% confidence level and were adequate for the determination of the analytes in the leachate extract. The NiCd battery showed a high concentration of Cd in its composition and was considered a toxic waste according to NBR 10.005/2004. For total determination of the analytes in the NiCd sample, a procedure for sample preparation was developed that resulted in complete digestion of the same in order to quantify the toxic metals by ICP OES. Procedure B was more suitable to promote digestion of the samples with the determination of Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb. The accuracy using procedure B was evaluated using the NiCd battery and the ...Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos de análise aplicados a baterias e pilhas. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na caracterização do material ativo das amostras de baterias e pilhas. Com a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia (EDS), foi possível calcular o tamanho médio das partículas com variação de 8,08 a 22,96 μm e verificar a presença dos metais tóxicos como Cd, Cr e Ni. O Cd apenas foi encontrado na bateria de Níquel- Cádmio (NiCd) e os demais elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Cr, Pb, As e Hg) não foram detectados. Ainda para a caracterização do material ativo das amostras e com auxílio da Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) foi possível identificar a presença dos compostos químicos. Ensaio de lixiviação foi realizado para promover a extração dos metais tóxicos presentes no material ativo das baterias e pilhas. Os lixiviados foram analisados por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica em Chama (FAAS) e Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP OES) para a quantificação dos metais Cr, Cd, Ni e Pb. O procedimento utilizado para promover as extrações foi ABNT NBR 10.005/2004 que permitiu avaliar a toxicidade do resíduo sólido. Os resultados obtidos através das duas técnicas utilizadas foram concordantes entre si, com a aplicação do Test t de Student com 95% de confiança e se mostraram adequadas para a determinação dos analitos de interesse no extrato lixiviado. A bateria NiCd apresentou uma alta concentração de Cd em sua composição e foi considerada um resíduo tóxico segundo a NBR 10.005/2004. Para a determinação total dos analitos na amostra de bateria NiCd, foi desenvolvido um procedimento de preparo de amostra que permitiu a total digestão da mesma, visando à quantificação dos metais tóxicos por ICP OES. O procedimento B se mostrou mais adequado para promover a..

DISPONIBILIDADE DE NUTRIENTES E CARBONO ORGÂNICO EM SOLOS CONTENDO CARVÃO HIDROTÉRMICO LAVADO E NÃO LAVADO E COMPARAÇÃO COM SOLOS ANTROPOGÊNICOS

Hydrochar washed (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 %) and not washed (10.0%) produced by hydrothermal carbonization using vinasse and sugarcane bagasse was applied in sand, ultisol and oxisol columns, and the release of NO3-, Orthophosphate, SO42-, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), H+ were evaluated for 30 days. These results were compared with the release of these parameters from experiments conducted with anthropogenic soils. The results demonstrated that higher amounts of nutrients were released for the experiments conducted with hydrochar not washed. With higher rates of hydrochar washed, higher the amount of nutrients released. TOC and SO42- were released throughout the experiment, which is beneficial from the agricultural point of view. Low values of orthophosphate and nitrate release in the leachates were observed for ultisol and oxisol due to the clay and iron and manganese oxides contents. Principal components analysis confirmed the observations and demonstrated that SO42- and TOC preferentially influence the oxisol, being that nitrate and pH influenced the columns containing Terra Mulata and sand. The results allow to conclude that it is possible to adjust the application rate of hydrochar in soils with lower fertility in order to increase it as observed for anthropogenic soils