252 research outputs found
Nature of segregation of reactants in diffusion controlled A+B reactions: Role of mobility in forming compact clusters
We investigate the A+B=0 bimolecular chemical reaction taking place in
low-dimensional spaces when the mobilities of the two reacting species are not
equal. While the case of different reactant mobilities has been previously
reported as not affecting the scaling of the reactant densities with time, but
only the pre-exponential factor, the mechanism for this had not been explained
before. By using Monte-Carlo simulations we show that the nature of segregation
is very different when compared to the normal case of equal reactant
mobilities. The clusters of the mobile species are statistically homogeneous
and randomly distributed in space, but the clusters of the less mobile species
are much more compact and restricted in space. Due to the asymmetric
mobilities, the initial symmetric random density fluctuations in time turn into
asymmetric density fluctuations. We explain this trend by calculating the
correlation functions for the positions of particles for the several different
cases
Scale-free networks resistant to intentional attacks
We study the detailed mechanism of the failure of scale-free networks under
intentional attacks. Although it is generally accepted that such networks are
very sensitive to targeted attacks, we show that for a particular type of
structure such networks surprisingly remain very robust even under removal of a
large fraction of their nodes, which in some cases can be up to 70%. The degree
distribution of these structures is such that for small values of the
degree the distribution is constant with , up to a critical value ,
and thereafter it decays with with the usual power law. We describe in
detail a model for such a scale-free network with this modified degree
distribution, and we show both analytically and via simulations, that this
model can adequately describe all the features and breakdown characteristics of
these attacks. We have found several experimental networks with such features,
such as for example the IMDB actors collaboration network or the citations
network, whose resilience to attacks can be accurately described by our model.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Models for designing pipe-grade polyethylenes to resist rapid crack propagation
Plastic pipeline systems have now become dominant for fuel-gas and water distribution
networks. Although they have an impressive service record failures do
occur, with Rapid Crack Propagation being characterised as the least probable but
most potentially catastrophic one. This study investigates the effect of structural
morphology and bulk residual strains on the RCP performance of polyethylene
pipes, and proposes a new methodology for predicting a safe service envelope.
During crack propagation in PE pipes, the fracture surface has two distinct regions;
plane strain and plane stress. In addition to the Instrumented Charpy, Reversed
Charpy, High Speed Double Torsion, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and uniaxial
tensile testing, S4 tests of extruded pipe specimens were employed in order to
evaluate the structural and fracture parameters of pipe grade resins in these two
fracture modes on pipe. A new experimental technique, which modified the pipe
bore crystallinity without altering the residual strain field (as evaluated from slit
ring tests) showed that the bore surface layer properties had much less influence
on RCP than previously thought. Parallel with the experimental work, modeling
of the fracture mechanisms was also undertaken. Using previous models in the
field, such as the adiabatic decohesion model, the plane strain fracture toughness
was evaluated while the plane stress fracture toughness was evaluated either from
the Reversed Charpy or from the stability of adiabatic drawing in a tensile test.
A mixed mode, temperature sensitive toughness was finally evaluated, leading to
an overall fracture properties assessment for polyethylene pipes which could be
compared directly to the crack driving force during RCP in pipe. By employing a
new mathematical approach, which incorporated both the effects of residual strains
and pipe stiffness behind the pressure decay length, a previous basic analytical
RCP model was further developed and compared to more elaborate finite element
and finite volume solutions. The new results were also compared to S4 experiments
using high-speed photography and showed that the new methodology could be
employed by the end user even when testing facilities are not directly availabl
Reaction-diffusion processes on correlated and uncorrelated scale-free networks
We compare reaction-diffusion processes of the type on scale-free
networks created with either the configuration model or the uncorrelated
configuration model. We show via simulations that except for the difference in
the behavior of the two models, different results are observed within the same
model when the minimum number of connections for a node varies from to . This difference is attributed to the varying local
properties of the two systems. In all cases we are able to identify a power law
behavior of the density decay with time with an exponent , considerably
larger than its lattice counterpart
Percolation of randomly distributed growing clusters
We investigate the problem of growing clusters, which is modeled by two
dimensional disks and three dimensional droplets. In this model we place a
number of seeds on random locations on a lattice with an initial occupation
probability, . The seeds simultaneously grow with a constant velocity to
form clusters. When two or more clusters eventually touch each other they
immediately stop their growth. The probability that such a system will result
in a percolating cluster depends on the density of the initially distributed
seeds and the dimensionality of the system. For very low initial values of
we find a power law behavior for several properties that we investigate, namely
for the size of the largest and second largest cluster, for the probability for
a site to belong to the finally formed spanning cluster, and for the mean
radius of the finally formed droplets. We report the values of the
corresponding scaling exponents. Finally, we show that for very low initial
concentration of seeds the final coverage takes a constant value which depends
on the system dimensionality.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure
Static and dynamic behavior of multiplex networks under interlink strength variation
It has recently been suggested \cite{Radicchi2013} that in a two-level
multiplex network, a gradual change in the value of the "interlayer" strength
can provoke an abrupt structural transition. The critical point at
which this happens is system-dependent. In this article, we show in a similar
way as in \cite{Garrahan2014} that this is a consequence of the graph Laplacian
formalism used in \cite{Radicchi2013}. We calculate the evolution of as
a function of system size for ER and RR networks. We investigate the behavior
of structural measures and dynamical processes of a two-level system as a
function of , by Monte-Carlo simulations, for simple particle diffusion and
for reaction-diffusion systems. We find that as increases there is a smooth
transition from two separate networks to a single one. We cannot find any
abrupt change in static or dynamic behavior of the underlying system.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Anomalous biased diffusion in networks
We study diffusion with a bias towards a target node in networks. This
problem is relevant to efficient routing strategies in emerging communication
networks like optical networks. Bias is represented by a probability of the
packet/particle to travel at every hop towards a site which is along the
shortest path to the target node. We investigate the scaling of the mean first
passage time (MFPT) with the size of the network. We find by using theoretical
analysis and computer simulations that for Random Regular (RR) and
Erd\H{o}s-R\'{e}nyi (ER) networks, there exists a threshold probability,
, such that for the MFPT scales anomalously as ,
where is the number of nodes, and depends on . For
the MFPT scales logarithmically with . The threshold value of the
bias parameter for which the regime transition occurs is found to depend only
on the mean degree of the nodes. An exact solution for every value of is
given for the scaling of the MFPT in RR networks. The regime transition is also
observed for the second moment of the probability distribution function, the
standard deviation.Comment: 13 Pages, To appear in PR
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