Vulnerability of Smart Grid-enabled Protection Relays to IEMI

The electricity sector has been undergoing transformations towards the smart grid concept, which aims to improve the robustness, efficiency, and flexibility of the power system. This transition has been achieved by the introduction of smart electronic devices (SEDs) and advanced automatic control and communication systems. Despite the benefits of such modernization, safety issues have emerged with significant concern by experts and entities worldwide. One of these issues is known as Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI), where offenders employ high-power electromagnetic sources to maliciously disrupt or damage electronic devices. One of the possible gateways for IEMI attacks targeting the smart grids is the microprocessor-based protection relays. On the one hand, the malfunctioning of these devices can lead to equipment damage, including high-voltage equipment (e.g., power transformers), which represent one of the most high-cost items of energy infrastructure. On the other hand, a possible misleading triggering of these devices could cause cascading effects along the various nodes of the power system, resulting in widespread blackouts. Thus, this study presents the possible recurring effects of IEMI exposure of a typical protection relay used in smart grid substations as part of the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. For this purpose, a test setup containing a smart grid protective unit, a monitoring box, and the device's wiring harness is exposed to radiated IEMI threats with high-power narrowband signals using a TEM waveguide and horn antennas. The effects during the test campaigns are observed by means of an IEMI-hardened camera system and a software developed to real-time monitor the device's fibre optic communication link, which is established according to the IEC 60870-5-105 protocol. The results revealed failures ranging from display deviation to various types of protection relay shutdown. Moreover, the consequences of the identified failures in a power substation are discussed to feed into a risk analysis regarding the threat of IEMI to power infrastructures

Metrological framework for passive radiative cooling technologies and development setups for reproducible in-field performance testing

Almost 20 % of the global electricity consumption is caused by cooling systems. As the demand for cooling is expected to grow tenfold by 2050, improving the efficiency of cooling systems plays a critical role in addressing the global climate challenge. Passive Radiative Cooling (PRC) materials, which can dissipate heat into the surrounding as thermal radiation (especially through the atmospheric infrared window between 8 µm and 13 µm) have recently emerged. Hence, the project PaRaMetriC (Metrological Framework for Passive Radiative Cooling Technologies) aims to develop a comprehensive metrological framework with standardized performance indicators and testing protocols to enable comparable evaluation of their cooling performance on-site and the determination of potential energy savings that could derive from the deployment of such technologies. One work package within this project deals with the design of a testing setup and the development of a protocol for determining the figures of merit of candidate PRC materials by in-field measurements with a relative uncertainty below 10 %. For this purpose, on-site prototype setups are planned to be realized in different climatic regions, e.g. Barcelona (maritime Mediterranean climate), Madrid (continental Mediterranean climate), Torino (warm temperate climate) and Würzburg (moderate temperate climate), in order to cover a wide range of environmental conditions. With these prototype setups, measurements will be performed on candidate benchmark materials. Additionally, the environmental and atmospheric conditions (temperature, solar irradiance, humidity, wind speed, etc.) will be monitored during the measurements using appropriate sensors. Up to now, the design work has been started. This presentation gives an overview of the PaRaMetriC project and provides an outlook on the aimed future activities regarding the setup for in-field measurements, including the configuration of the setup (thermal insulation, thermal load, etc.), the selection of appropriate sensors and the implementation of PRC materials. Furthermore, previous work will be presented. So far, first PRC materials with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance have been prepared. Beside the infrared-optical properties, the thermal conductivity of the prepared layers has also been measured. At these samples, the derived surface temperature has been measured for sky-facing surfaces in dependence on the surrounding conditions. Together with measurements on reference materials, the correlation of the surface temperature with the solar reflectance index (SRI) has been investigated. The SRI value has been determined by measurements of the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of the prepared PRC materials according to ASTM E 1980 - 11. As a preliminary result, a temperature drop below ambient air temperature has been recorded for some prepared PRC materials even during the day in sunshine

I Diretriz brasileira de cardio-oncologia pediátrica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia

Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia PediátricaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica GRAACCUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Instituto do Coração do Hospital das ClínicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreInstituto Materno-Infantil de PernambucoHospital de Base de BrasíliaUniversidade de Pernambuco Hospital Universitário Oswaldo CruzHospital A.C. CamargoHospital do CoraçãoSociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Departamento de Cardiopatias Congênitas e Cardiologia PediátricaInstituto Nacional de CâncerHospital Pequeno PríncipeSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PatologiaHospital Infantil Joana de GusmãoUNIFESP, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica GRAACCUNIFESP, Depto. de PatologiaSciEL

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Proposition et réalisation d'un modèle d'enseignement de post-graduation, présentiel et à distance, afin d'éviter l'exclusion sociale

La thèse développée, constitue un projet qui est en train d'être mise en pratique, à l'Université Candido Mendes, située à Rio de Janeiro, Brésil, vise à combattre l'exclusion en offrant des cours de post graduation lato sensu, sous forme présentielle et à distance, avec qualité et à un coût extrêmement bas qui puissent permettre à des licenciés de faibles revenus d'améliorer leurs profils universitaire, leurs niveaux de capacité et leurs opportunités de travail. Après avoir étudié l'histoire de l'éducation au Brésil, dans ses plusieurs niveaux, en identifiant les causes de l'exclusion sociale en conséquence du manque de l'offre d'options au public de bas revenu, les études de l'aire de post-graduation, ont été approfundies pour mieux connâitre les problèmes qui gèrent cette exclusion. Pour atteindre tel but, il faudrait I'implantation d'un projet qui puisse se soutenir par lui-même en permetant sa manutention et son expansion. Pendant l'élaboration de la thèse un projet a été developpé et mis en cours en utilisant des técniques de la gestion moderne et, après être assez testé, il présente des resultats attendus.AIX-MARSEILLE3-BU Sc.St Jérô (130552102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Recent Trends in Stratospheric Chlorine From Very Short‐Lived Substances

Very short‐lived substances (VSLS), including dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chloroform (CHCl3), perchloroethylene (C2Cl4), and 1,2‐dichloroethane (C2H4Cl2), are a stratospheric chlorine source and therefore contribute to ozone depletion. We quantify stratospheric chlorine trends from these VSLS (VSLCltot) using a chemical transport model and atmospheric measurements, including novel high‐altitude aircraft data from the NASA VIRGAS (2015) and POSIDON (2016) missions. We estimate VSLCltot increased from 69 (±14) parts per trillion (ppt) Cl in 2000 to 111 (±22) ppt Cl in 2017, with >80% delivered to the stratosphere through source gas injection, and the remainder from product gases. The modeled evolution of chlorine source gas injection agrees well with historical aircraft data, which corroborate reported surface CH2Cl2 increases since the mid‐2000s. The relative contribution of VSLS to total stratospheric chlorine increased from ~2% in 2000 to ~3.4% in 2017, reflecting both VSLS growth and decreases in long‐lived halocarbons. We derive a mean VSLCltot growth rate of 3.8 (±0.3) ppt Cl/year between 2004 and 2017, though year‐to‐year growth rates are variable and were small or negative in the period 2015–2017. Whether this is a transient effect, or longer‐term stabilization, requires monitoring. In the upper stratosphere, the modeled rate of HCl decline (2004–2017) is −5.2% per decade with VSLS included, in good agreement to ACE satellite data (−4.8% per decade), and 15% slower than a model simulation without VSLS. Thus, VSLS have offset a portion of stratospheric chlorine reductions since the mid‐2000s

The SPS Beam Dump Facility

The proposed SPS beam dump facility (BDF) is a fixed-target facility foreseen to be situated at the North Area of the SPS. Beam dump in this context implies a target aimed at absorbing the majority of incident protons and containing most of the cascade generated by the primary beam interaction. The aim is a general purpose fixed target facility, which in the initial phase is aimed at the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment. Feasibility studies are ongoing at CERN to address the key challenges of the facility. These challenges include: slow resonant extraction from the SPS; a target that has the two-fold objective of producing charged mesons as well as stopping the primary proton beam; and radiation protection considerations related to primary proton beam with a power of around 355 kW. The aim of the project is to complete the key technical feasibility studies in time for the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update foreseen in 2020. This is in conjunction with the recommendation by the CERN Research Board to the SHiP experiment to prepare a comprehensive design study as input to the ESPP