NOTE TO COIN EXCHANGER USING IMAGE PROCESSING

Now days, we have to suffer a lot for the change in various public places in daily life. The need of change has been increased. Rather coins are used more instead of note in various places like bus station, railway station, malls, parks, even in rural areas where nowadays also coin telephone system is used. For these many application places coins are used extremely, so we thought to develop an exchanger machine which will give us coins instead of notes. As there are lots of techniques to detect the Indian currency note, these are texture based, pattern based, checking by the watermarking, checking the micro lettering, color based recognition technique . The most preferable technique along all these is color based recognition . It is constructed by counting the number of pixels of each color. For detecting kind of note the mat lab algorithm runs and the result is given to the controller which will manipulate the coin container through relays and motors, the user simply press the keypad for which type of change he wants whether one rupee coins or five rupee or mixed and hence in the output we get coins as user requiremen

Association of umbilical cord blood lead with neonatal behavior at varying levels of exposure

BACKGROUND: In the light of the ongoing debate about lowering the cut-off for acceptable blood lead level to <5 μg/dL from the currently recommended level of <10 μg/dL, we considered whether prenatal exposure to varying levels of lead is associated with similar or disparate effects on neonatal behavior. METHODS: Using Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), an epidemiological approach and robust statistical techniques like multivariate linear regression, logistic regression, Poisson regression and structural equations modeling analyses we estimated the simultaneous indirect effects of umbilical cord blood lead (CBL) levels and other neonatal covariates on the NBAS clusters. RESULTS: We observed that when analyzed in all study subjects, the CBL levels independently and strongly influenced autonomic stability and abnormal reflexes clusters. However, when the analysis was restricted to neonates with CBL <10 μg/dL, CBL levels strongly influenced the range of state, motor and autonomic stability clusters. Abnormal walking reflex was consistently associated with an increased CBL level irrespective of the cut-off for CBL, however, only at the lower cut-offs were the predominantly behavioral effects of CBL discernible. CONCLUSION: Our results further endorse the need to be cognizant of the detrimental effects of blood lead on neonates even at a low-dose prenatal exposure

Detection and Risk Stratification of Women at High Risk of Preterm Birth in Rural Communities near Nagpur, India

Background: Presently, preterm birth is globally the leading cause of neonatal mortality. Prompt community based identification of women at high risk for preterm births (HRPB) can either help to avert preterm births or avail effective interventions to reduce neonatal mortality due to preterm births. We evaluated the performance of a package to train community workers to detect the presence of signs or symptoms of HRPB. Methods: Pregnant women enrolled in the intervention arm of a cluster randomized trial of Antenatal Corticosteroids (ACT Trial) conducted at Nagpur, India were informed about 4 directly observable signs and symptoms of preterm labor. Community health workers actively monitored these women from 24 to 36 weeks of gestation for these signs or symptoms. If they were present (HRPB positive) the identified women were brought to government health facilities for assessment and management. HRPB positive could also be determined by the provider if the woman presented directly to the facility. Risk stratification was based on the number of signs or symptoms present. The outcome of preterm birth was based on the clinical assessment of gestational age \u3c 37 weeks at delivery or a birth weight of \u3c2000 g. Results: Between July 1, 2012 and 30 November, 2013, 686 of 7050 (9.7%) pregnant women studied, delivered preterm. 732 (10.4%) women were HRPB positive, of whom 333 (45.5%) delivered preterm. Of the remaining 6318(89.6%) HRPB negative women 353 (5.6%) delivered preterm. The likelihood ratio (LR) of a preterm birth in the HRPB positives was 8.14 (95% confidence interval 7.16-9.26). The LR of a preterm birth increased in women who had more signs or symptoms of HRBP (p \u3c 0.00001). More signs or symptoms of HRPB were also associated with a shorter time to delivery, lower birth weight and higher rates of stillbirths, neonatal deaths and postnatal complications. Addition of risk stratification improved the prediction of preterm delivery (Integrated Discrimination Improvement 17% (95% CI 15-19%)). Conclusions: The package for detection of signs and symptoms of HRPB is feasible, promising and likely to improve management of preterm labor. Trial registration: NCT01073475 on February 21, 2010 and NCT01084096 on March 9, 2010

Influence of Zinc Supplementation in Acute Diarrhea Differs by the Isolated Organism

Zinc supplementation is recommended in all acute diarrheas in children from developing countries. We aimed to assess whether zinc supplementation would be equally effective against all the common organisms associated with acute diarrheas. We used data on 801 children with acute diarrhea recruited in a randomized, double blind controlled trial (ISRCTN85071383) of zinc and copper supplementation. Using prespecified subgroup analyses, multidimensionality reduction analyses, tests of heterogeneity, and stepwise logistic regression for tests of interactions, we found that the influence of zinc on the risk of diarrhea for more than 3 days depended on the isolated organism—beneficial in Klebsiella, neutral in Esherichia coli and parasitic infections, and detrimental in rotavirus coinfections. Although we found similar results for the outcome of high stool volume, the results did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that the current strategy of zinc supplementation in all cases of acute diarrheas in children may need appropriate fine tuning to optimize the therapeutic benefit based on the causative organism, but further studies need to confirm and extend our findings

Therapeutic Value of Zinc Supplementation in Acute and Persistent Diarrhea: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: For over a decade, the importance of zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea has been recognized. In spite of recently published reviews, there remain several unanswered questions about the role of zinc supplementation in childhood diarrhea in the developing countries. Our study aimed to assess the therapeutic benefits of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea in children, and to examine the causes of any heterogeneity of response to zinc supplementation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched for published reviews and meta-analyses on the use of zinc supplementation for the prevention and treatment of childhood diarrhea. Additional RCTs published following the meta-analyses were also sought. The reviews and published RCTs were qualitatively mapped followed by updated random-effects meta-analyses, subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regression to quantify and characterize the role of zinc supplementation with diarrhea-related outcomes. We found that although there was evidence to support the use of zinc to treat diarrhea in children, there was significant unexplained heterogeneity across the studies for the effect of zinc supplementation in reducing important diarrhea outcomes. Zinc supplementation reduced the mean duration of diarrhea by 19.7% but had no effect on stool frequency or stool output, and increased the risk of vomiting. Our subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regression showed that age, stunting, breast-feeding and baseline zinc levels could not explain the heterogeneity associated with differential reduction in the mean diarrheal duration. However, the baseline zinc levels may not be representative of the existing zinc deficiency state. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the predictors of zinc efficacy including the role of diarrheal disease etiology on the response to zinc would help to identify the populations most likely to benefit from supplementation. To improve the programmatic use of zinc, further evaluations of the zinc salts used, the dose, the frequency and duration of supplementation, and its acceptability are required. The significant heterogeneity of responses to zinc suggests the need to revisit the strategy of universal zinc supplementation in the treatment children with acute diarrhea in developing countries

Plasmid profile analysis of multidrug resistant E. coli isolated from UTI patients of Nagpur City

Abstract Infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) have become a significant worldwide public health problem with India being no exception. Furthermore, the situation is worsening due to advent of increased antibiotic resistance due to the evolution of multi-resistant antibiotic plasmid genes. Extended Spectrum B-lactmases (ESBLs) are plasmid mediated and these enzyme producing organisms exhibit co resistance to many other classes of antibiotics. The wide spread presence of drug resistant E. coli and other pathogens in our environment necessitates regular monitoring of antibiotics susceptibility trends in the clinical isolates obtained from different regions to provide the basis for developing National and International prescription programs that can be used for delineating guidelines to maintain the desired effectiveness of antibiotics. In the present study, out of 135 isolates, 76 isolates were of E.coli. These isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles. The results revealed that more than 50% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance. Out of 76 E.coli isolates, 40(52.6%) were found to possess plasmids. Some isolates possess single sized plasmid while other had multiple plasmids with different size ranged from 2.3 kb to 26 kb, very high antibiotic resistance was detected from isolates possessing high molecular weight plasmids (23kb). The studies show good prospects for further research in the same area to explore and assign definite cause for antibiotic resistance and multi drug resistance

Clinical Study Influence of Zinc Supplementation in Acute Diarrhea Differs by the Isolated Organism

Zinc supplementation is recommended in all acute diarrheas in children from developing countries. We aimed to assess whether zinc supplementation would be equally effective against all the common organisms associated with acute diarrheas. We used data on 801 children with acute diarrhea recruited in a randomized, double blind controlled trial (ISRCTN85071383) of zinc and copper supplementation. Using prespecified subgroup analyses, multidimensionality reduction analyses, tests of heterogeneity, and stepwise logistic regression for tests of interactions, we found that the influence of zinc on the risk of diarrhea for more than 3 days depended on the isolated organism-beneficial in Klebsiella, neutral in Esherichia coli and parasitic infections, and detrimental in rotavirus coinfections. Although we found similar results for the outcome of high stool volume, the results did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that the current strategy of zinc supplementation in all cases of acute diarrheas in children may need appropriate fine tuning to optimize the therapeutic benefit based on the causative organism, but further studies need to confirm and extend our findings

In situ formation of silver nanoparticles in thermosensitive glycogels and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

Copolymeric thermosensitive hydrogel, N-isopropylacrylamide and glycomonomer based on D-galactose have been synthesized by free radical polymerization using 2,2′-azobis-isobutyronitrile as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. This hydrogel has been further used as template to synthesize AgNPs. The composite glycogel containing AgNPs has been characterized by different techniques and tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa

Unraveling Prostaglandin and NLRP3 Inflammasomemediated Pathways of Primary Dysmenorrhea and the Role of Mefenamic Acid and Its Combinations

Painful menstrual cramps during or around the time of the monthly cycle are known as dysmenorrhea. The estimated global prevalence in women of reproductive age ranges from 45% to 95%. It has a significant negative impact on regular activities and productivity at work. However, despite the severe consequences on quality of life, primary dysmenorrhea&nbsp;(PD) is underdiagnosed. Dysmenorrhea has complex pathogenesis. It involves the release of prostaglandins and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and also includes the involvement of other mediators such as bradykinin, histamine and acetylcholine. Even though nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the most common type of pain medication, the question of which one should be the most preferred is still open to debate. The current review examines the existing evidence for the pathogenesis of PD and makes evidence based and clinical experience based recommendations for the use of mefenamic acid and its combination in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Mefenamic acid alleviates PD by inhibiting endometrial prostaglandin formation, restoring normal uterine activity, and reducing the inflammatory response by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing the release of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β. It is also known to have bradykinin antagonist activity. Dicyclomine has a dual action of blocking the muscarinic action of acetylcholine in postganglionic parasympathetic effect or regions and acting directly on uterine smooth muscle by blocking bradykinin and histamine receptors to relieve spasms. According to the experts, mefenamic acid and dicyclomine act synergistically by acting on the different pathways of dysmenorrhea by blocking multifactorial agents attributed to the cause of dysmenorrhea. Hence, the combination of mefenamic acid and dicyclomine should be the preferred treatment option for dysmenorrhea