Avaliação do grau de incômodo associado ao ruído aeronáutico nas comunidades vizinhas ao aeroporto pelo uso da teoria de resposta ao item

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2017.Os aeroportos são considerados modificadores urbanos do meio ambiente e da operação das aeronaves se verificam os principais impactos ambientais, tais como a emissão de gases dos motores e de ruídos aeronáuticos. O ruído aeronáutico, objeto do estudo, possui duas propriedades: uma acústica, medida com o uso de equipamentos, e uma não acústica ou subjetiva. Uma das propriedades subjetivas do ruído aeronáutico é o incômodo causado na população residente nas proximidades dos aeroportos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e aplicar uma ferramenta de medida para quantificar o grau de incômodo associado às operações de pouso e decolagem de aeronaves comerciais do aeroporto internacional Hercílio Luz, em Florianópolis-SC. Para elaboração da escala grau de incômodo e calibração do instrumento de coleta de dados e análise dos itens (questões) foi utilizada a ferramenta de análise estatística Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), empregada em análises subjetivas e psicométricas. O questionário final foi composto de 23 questões, distribuídas em seis facetas que abordam as características subjetivas percebidas do incômodo, como mudanças no comportamento cotidiano, nas atitudes sociais, no humor, no sono, na concentração e na sensibilidade. O questionário foi aplicado nos bairros Carianos, Ressacada e Campeche, para 300 pessoas, com o uso de duas modalidades de entrevistas: presencial e on-line. Dessa amostra, 56,4% da população foi classificada incomodada e 14,6% extremamente incomodada. A pesquisa permitiu identificar as facetas que mais interferem na percepção do grau do incômodo e, também, as localidades de maior sensibilidade e incômodo ao ruído aeronáutico, por meio da elaboração de curvas de contorno de ruído simuladas. O trabalho desenvolvido resultou na construção de uma escala de avaliação, fundamentada na TRI, subjetiva do grau de incômodo oriundo das operações aeronáuticas no entorno de um aeroporto.Abstract : The aircraft noise constitutes the dominating factor of alteration in the lives of the population that lives in the surroundings of airports. It is known that the aircraft noise may be evaluated through acoustic measurements with specific equipment, or through social evaluation using questionnaires. This project presents an evaluation of the annoyance as a subjective measure of the aircraft noise that a population is exposed to by the operations of a civil airport in Florianópolis, SC. For the elaboration and calibration of the instrument of data collection and analysis of the items (questions), the statistical analysis tool used was the Item Response Theory (IRT), commonly used in subjective and psychometric analyzes. The final questionnaire, after done the calibration, was composed of 23 questions, distributed in six characteristics known as facets that address the perceived subjective properties of the noise annoyance, such as changes in daily behavior, social attitudes, mood, sleep, concentration and sensitivity. The questionnaire was applied to the Carianos, Ressacada and Campeche districts, for 300 people, through face-to-face and on-line methods. Of this sample, 56.4% of the population was classified as troubled and 14.6% extremely annoyed. The research allowed identify the facets that most interfere in the perception of the degree of annoyance and also the locations of greater sensitivity and annoyance to aircraft noise, through the elaboration of simulated of noise contour. The work developed resulted in the construction of an evaluation scale, based on IRT, of the degree of annoyance caused by the aircraft operations of a airport, in a nearby community

Vertical Turbulent Cooling of the Mixed Layer in the Atlantic ITCZ and Trade Wind Regions

The causes of the seasonal cycle of vertical turbulent cooling at the base of the mixed layer are assessed using observations from moored buoys in the tropical Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (4°N, 23°W) and trade wind (15°N, 38°W) regions together with mixing parameterizations and a one-dimensional model. At 4°N the parameterized turbulent cooling rates during 2017–2018 and 2019 agree with indirect estimates from the climatological mooring heat budget residual: both show mean cooling of 25–30 W m (Formula presented.) during November–July, when winds are weakest and the mixed layer is thinnest, and 0–10 W m (Formula presented.) during August–October. Mixing during November–July is driven by variability on multiple time scales, including subdiurnal, near-inertial, and intraseasonal. Shear associated with tropical instability waves (TIWs) is found to generate mixing and monthly mean cooling of 15–30 W m (Formula presented.) during May–July in 2017 and 2019. At 15°N the seasonal cycle of turbulent cooling is out of phase compared to 4°N, with largest cooling of up to 60 W m (Formula presented.) during boreal fall. However, the relationships between wind speed, mixed layer depth, and turbulent mixing are similar: weaker mean winds and a thinner mixed layer in the fall are associated with stronger mixing and turbulent cooling of SST. These results emphasize the importance of seasonal modulations of mixed layer depth at both locations and shear from TIWs at 4°N

Seasonal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 11° S inferred from bottom pressure measurements

Bottom pressure observations on both sides of the Atlantic basin, combined with satellite measurements of sea level anomalies and wind stress data, are utilized to estimate variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 11∘ S. Over the period 2013–2018, the AMOC and its components are dominated by seasonal variability, with peak-to-peak amplitudes of 12 Sv for the upper-ocean geostrophic transport, 7 Sv for the Ekman and 14 Sv for the AMOC transport. The characteristics of the observed seasonal cycles of the AMOC and its components are compared to results from an ocean general circulation model, which is known to reproduce the variability of the Western Boundary Current on longer timescales. The observed seasonal variability of zonally integrated geostrophic velocity in the upper 300 m is controlled by pressure variations at the eastern boundary, while at 500 m depth contributions from the western and eastern boundaries are similar. The model tends to underestimate the seasonal pressure variability at 300 and 500 m depth, especially at the western boundary, which translates into the estimate of the upper-ocean geostrophic transport. In the model, seasonal AMOC variability at 11∘ S is governed, besides the Ekman transport, by the geostrophic transport variability in the eastern basin. The geostrophic contribution of the western basin to the seasonal cycle of the AMOC is instead comparably weak, as transport variability in the western basin interior related to local wind curl forcing is mainly compensated by the Western Boundary Current. Our analyses indicate that while some of the uncertainties of our estimates result from the technical aspects of the observational strategy or processes not being properly represented in the model, uncertainties in the wind forcing are particularly relevant for the resulting uncertainties of AMOC estimates at 11∘ S

Interannual to decadal changes in the western boundary circulation in the Atlantic at 11°S

The western boundary current system off Brazil is a key region for diagnosing variations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the southern subtropical cell. In July 2013 a mooring array was installed off the coast at 11°S similar to an array installed between 2000 and 2004 at the same location. Here we present results from two research cruises and the first 10.5 months of moored observations in comparison to the observations a decade ago. Average transports of the North Brazil Undercurrent and the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) have not changed between the observational periods. DWBC eddies that are predicted to disappear with a weakening AMOC are still present. Upper layer changes in salinity and oxygen within the last decade are consistent with an increased Agulhas leakage, while at depths water mass changes are likely related to changes in the North Atlantic as well as tropical circulation changes

Relationship between Dyslipidemia and Physical Activity in Mexican Children

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between physical activity and lipid levels in children 10 to 13 years of age living in Durango, Mexico. Method: Cross-sectional study performed in 823 children (n=428, 52% boys; n=395, 48% girls) enrolled in nine elementary schools. Physical activity was monitored in two ways: a) a questionnaire was used to obtain information about physical activity done in the previous week, and b) steps were counted for 24 hours with a Yamax SW-200 pedometer. A subsample of 425 children provided serum samples to determine total-cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Results: Over half (52.9%) participated in a sports team inside or outside of school; most (90.9%) reported one sport, with few (9.1%) reporting 2-3 sports. The most commonly reported vigorous PA was: soccer (33%), basketball (24%), jogging (8-12 km/h) (23%), volleyball (17%) and others (3%). Those who participated in a sports team had higher levels of HDL-C and lower TG. Participation in 2 or 3 sports reduced TG levels just over 20%. Boys who reported 30 minutes or more per day of vigorous activity had lower triglyceride levels than those who reported less (p = 0.020). Boys accumulated significantly more steps per day (m=17,030 ± 6444) than girls (m=12,991± 5316; p \u3c 0.001). The prevalence of lipid abnormalities was higher in children with fewer steps. Hypercholesterolemia was lower in boys with the highest number of steps (p = 0.044), in girls the differences were not statistically significant. Hypertriglyceridemia in both sexes was lower in the group with the highest number of steps (