Effects of Citicholine on respiration rate, Spo2, heart rate and rectal temperature during Thiopental intravenous anaesthesia in Canine model

Thiopental Sodium is an ultra short-acting barbiturate. Due to its redistribution characteristic, its first injection has a short term effect. In order to elongate its anesthesia duration, more injections are needed. As these additional injections extend the recovery length , weaken respiration and causes other dangerous effects; its repeated use is considered unsafe. Citicoline is a natural substance with neuroprotective effects. Regarding the various effects of citicoline on central nervous system which is the place where many anesthetics leave their effects, this  research aims at studying the effects of citicoline  on the anesthesia induced by Thiopental Sodium and also at Measuring the parameters such as heart and respiration rate,rectal temperature and SPO2. To do this,6 dogs were anesthetized by intravenous injection of 20 mg ∕ kg of 2.5%  Thiopental sodium . After the appearance of recovery signs, 250 mg of citicoline was slowly injected intravenously into the experimental dogs, and immediately the second injection of Thiopental sodium using the  initial protocol  was given. Before the second injection, 2ml of normal saline  was intravenously injected into the dogs in the control group.Heart and respiration rate ,SPO2 and rectal temperature were then measured,recorded and statistically analyzed.Results indicated a significant increase in heart and respiration rate,an insignificant increase in SPO2 and an insignificant decrease of rectal tempreture in animals that had received citicolin before anesthesia by Thiopental Sodium.The results of this study can be used in predicting the vital signs of patients when taking these two drugs simultaneously

Towards On-demand Generation of Entangled Photons with Quantum Dots

The biexciton-exciton cascade in quantum dots (QDs) yields entangled photon pairs, and recent developments in engineering photonic structures around the dot for efficient light extraction and proper control of the fine-structure splitting, has led to significant breakthroughs in achieving an ideal entangled photon source -- exhibiting properties such as high extraction efficiency, low multi-photon emission and high entanglement fidelity. This thesis presents our development in enhancing the performance of entangled photon generation of QDs towards near-unity efficiency and fidelity. We study InAsP quantum dots in photonic nanowires for efficient light extraction and to reveal the effect of a quantum dot with high nuclear spin on the entanglement fidelity. Revealing the ultimate limit of entanglement in QDs is still a challenge, and it is generally believed that a sample made of atoms possessing high nuclear spins exhibits limited entanglement due to the dephasing caused by spin-spin interactions. Moreover, it is assumed that the fine-structure splitting of QDs degrades the entanglement fidelity, as it introduces a which-path information in the biexciton-exciton cascade. We have performed two-photon state tomography on InAsP QDs in InP nanowires, comprising of nuclear spin 9/2, and have realized that such a source is capable of generating entangled photon pairs with negligible dephasing during the emission lifetime, with a peak concurrence C = 77% and a count-weighted average concurrence 62%. This result was obtained by comparing the outcome of our measurements with a theoretical model that assumes no dephasing, however, takes into account the details of the detection system, i.e., dark-count rates and timing resolution, as well as, specific features of the QD, e.g., emission lifetime, fine-structure splitting, multi-photon emission probability, etc. Proper engineering of tapered nanowires allows for extraction of the emitted photons with high efficiency, which makes it possible to perform a complete two-photon state tomography and monitoring the evolution of the exciton state, as well as, the entanglement fidelity of the photon-pair, during the emission lifetime. This enabled us to reveal the effect of an imperfect detection system, as well as, multi-photon emission in recording low values for entanglement fidelity. Moreover, our calculations show that proper analysis of the time-energy uncertainty relation provides the necessary means to measure a high entanglement fidelity even in the presence of fine-structure splitting; since, a detection system with high timing resolution can overlook the which-path information, as the uncertainty in measuring the energy of the photons will be larger than the fine-structure splitting. Therefore, realizing near-unity entanglement fidelity using QDs is merely a technical challenge, i.e., resonant excitation of the QD, in order to suppress multi-photon emission, and use of a detection system with low timing jitter and dark-count rates. As a next step to achieve this goal, we have performed the resonant two-photon excitation scheme for the first time on a QD in a photonic nanowire, which resulted in an enhancement of the performance of our source. We managed to improve the single-photon purity of the source, g^(2)(0), by two orders of magnitude; moreover, analysis of the emission spectrum reveals that this scheme increases the pair-production efficiency to values above 93% for the biexciton-exciton cascade. Taking the efficiency of our experimental setup into consideration, the results indicate an approximately eight-fold enhancement of the pair-extraction efficiency as compared to the quasi-resonant excitation scheme (12.55% vs. 1.6%). Based on these results, two-photon state tomography on our source, under resonant two-photon excitation and performed by a detection system with high timing resolution and low dark-count rates, yields near-unity entanglement fidelity. By considering the enhancement in pair-extraction efficiency that we obtained, QDs in photonic nanowires can surpass the performance of spontaneous parametric down conversion sources in terms of entanglement fidelity and pair-extraction efficiency. Even though we have shown a finite fine-structure splitting does not degrade the entanglement fidelity in QDs, for various application in quantum information removing the fine-structure splitting is beneficial. Therefore, we have proposed a universal all-optical approach for removing the fine-structure splitting. In this scheme, the energy of the photons are shifted by using a pair of quarter-wave plates and fast-rotating half-wave plates after they have been emitted; and as a result, the energy difference between the two decay paths in the biexciton-exciton cascade is erased. This method is applicable to any QD source and can be easily implemented using the currently available technology; moreover, no further sample processing will be required in order to achieve zero fine-structure splitting

Electrocaloric Response of Ferroelectric Material Applicable as Electrothermal Transducer

Electrocaloric response of the PMN-10PT is measured experimentally and compared with the numerical results. Based on the compatibility of the experimental and numerical results, feasibility of using ferroelectric materials as an electrothermal transducer has been investigated. In this study, electrocaloric response of three different ferroelectric capacitors (PMN-10PT, PMN-25PT, and PZN-4.5PT) under an applied periodic electric field have been investigated. Alternative switching of the electrocaloric elements with specific boundary conditions generates a directed heat flux. It can be concluded that each ferroelectric material can be used as a transducer in a special temperature range that in which it has good electrocaloric response

Effects of Citicoline Sodium on corneal reflex, anesthesia and analgesia duration after thiopental sodium injection in dogs- A preliminary report

Citicoline is a natural substance with neuroprotective and repairing effects. It can also increase the phosphor metabolites in cerebral cortex. Regarding the various effects of citicoline on central nervous system, this research aims at studying the effects of citicoline on the Thiopental sodium anesthesia. Six dogs were anesthetized by intravenous injection of 20 mg ∕ kg of 2.5% Thiopental sodium. After the appearance of recovery signs, both experimental and control groups received either 250 mg citicoline or two milliliter normal saline intravenously, immediately before the second injection of Thiopental sodium. Length of anesthesia, duration of analgesia and response to corneal reflex were measured, and statistically analyzed. Results showed a significant increase in duration of analgesia and a significant decrease in the length of negative corneal reflex in experimental group. Comparison of duration of anesthesia between the two groups showed no significant difference. These findings showed that using citicoline prior to Thiopental sodium anesthesia can improve brain function by decreasing the duration of lack of response to corneal reflex and also regarding the increasing effect of Citicoline on analgesia duration, the use of citicoline as a pre-anesthetic for Thiopental Sodium can probably be considered in the future studies

Tutela e valorizzazione dei siti UNESCO in Iran: una proposta metodologica per il piano di gestione di Naqshe Jahan

The policy of preservation of cities and monuments in Iran is going through a review process. The traditional formulas adopted till now are inadequate to ensure the integrity of the tangible and intangible values of the historical and artistic heritage present in Iran. UNESCO has drawn the attention to some iranian sites that are threatened with degradation and that, despite the recent recommendations contained in the Memorandum of Wien (2004) and in the Budapest’s Declaration (2002), some iranians sites are still lacking of a Management plan. Analyzing the Management plans prepared till now in Iran, I noted that there is not a reference model and that the documents prepared are simple descriptive and iconographic texts that do not provide an action plan and a list of intervention aimed to protect and enhancing the sites. Amoung the different UNESCO sites in Iran, I decided to analyze the most representative of the persians city: the 89600 square meters Naqshe Jahan complex, the first iranian site to be inscribed in the world heritage list in 1979 and the one able to show the historical evolution that Iran has experienced. Naqshe Jahan complex is situated in the ancient city of Isfahan, capital of the Safavid dynasty during the XVI century. The city is the most complete example of Persian city in which it is still possible to distinguish monuments and buildings dating back from different centuries, from the X, XIV and XVI century. The social and economical hart of the city is represented by the big square of Naqshe Jahan, built by Shah Abbas during in the 1590 and still considered the symbol of the whole city

Examining psychology of science as a potential contributor to science policy

The psychology of science is the least developed member of the family of science studies. It is growing, however, increasingly into a promising discipline. After a very brief review of this emerging sub-field of psychology, we call for it to be invited into the collection of social sciences that constitute the interdisciplinary field of science policy. Discussing the classic issue of resource allocation, this paper tries to indicate how prolific a new psychological conceptualization of this problem would be. Further, from a psychological perspective, this research will argue in favor of a more realistic conception of science which would be a complement to the existing one in science policy