Crocus adamioides (Iridaceae) in the Bulgarian flora

Crocus adamioides Kernd. et Pasche, as it is currently known, was originally treated as C. biflorus Mill. subsp. adamii B. Mathew in the flora of Bulgaria by Mathew (1982) and verified by Rukšāns (2017). The taxon was afterwards described as a separate species (Kerndorff et al. 2012), the holotype being collected in Kırklareli Province, European Turkey. The species was for the first time mapped in two floristic regions of Bulgaria. The diagnostic characters based on the general morphology and leaf anatomy were defined from the natural populations of the species and compared to the type specimen and relevant data from the literature. The phylogenetic position of the species was clarified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS: ITS1 + 5.SsrDNA + ITS2) and comparison of the obtained sequence with those annotated in NCBI. A phylogenetic tree was built using Bayesian phylogeny. Results have shown the highest degree of phylogenetic similarity with C. adamioides from Turkey. The closest relative C. ranjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke et Raca remains in the proximity. Our morphological, anatomical and molecular analyses have revealed that the Bulgarian population shows a peculiar combination of characters specific to C. adamioides

Određivanje mikrobne populacije kiselog tijesta iz Bugarske metagenomskim metodama pomoću triju komercijalnih alata za ekstrakciju DNA

Research background. Sourdough is a spontaneously formed, complex microbial ecosystem of various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast which, by producing specific metabolites, determines the quality of the baked products. In order to design and control the sourdough with preferred nutritional characteristics, it is crucial that the LAB diversity of the product of interest be elucidated. Experimental approach. Using the opportunities of next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the V1-V3 hypervariable gene region of 16S rRNA, we studied the microbial ecosystem of a whole grain sourdough made of Triticum monococcum, originating from Southwestern Bulgaria. Since the DNA extraction method is considered crucial for the accuracy of the sequencing results, as it can introduce significant differences in the examined microbiota, we used three different commercial kits for DNA isolation and analyzed their impact on the observed bacterial diversity. Results and conclusions. All three DNA extraction kits provided bacterial DNA which passed quality control and was successfully sequenced on Illumina MiSeq platform. The results received from the different DNA protocols showed variations in the microbial profiles. Alpha diversity indices (ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) were also different among the three groups of results. Nevertheless, a strong dominance of phylum Firmicutes, class Bacilli, order Lactobacillales, represented mostly by family Lactobacillaceae, genus Lactobacillus (relative abundance of 63.11–82.28%) and family Leuconostocaceae, genus Weissella (relative abundance of 3.67–36.31%) was observed. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Levilactobacillus brevis with relative abundance of 16.15–31.24% and 6.21−16.29% respectively, were the two dominant species identified in all three DNA isolates. Novelty and scientific contribution. The presented results give insight into the taxonomic composition of bacterial community of a specific Bulgarian sourdough. Having in mind that the sourdough is a difficult matrix for DNA isolation on the one hand, and that there is no standardized DNA extraction protocol for this matrix on the other hand, this pilot study aims to give a small contribution to the future establishment and validation of such a protocol, which will allow accurate assessment of the specific microbiota of sourdough samples.Pozadina istraživanja. Kiselo tijesto predstavlja spontano oblikovan složeni ekosustav različitih bakterija mliječno-kiselog vrenja i kvasaca koji stvaranjem specifičnih metabolita određuju kakvoću pekarskih proizvoda. Za kreiranje i kontroliranu pripremu kiselog tijesta sa željenim nutritivnim značajkama, neophodno je razumjeti raznolikost mliječno-kiselih bakterija. Eksperimentalni pristup. Sekvenciranjem nove generacije V1-V3 hipervarijabilnih regija 16S rRNA gena ispitali smo mikrobnu zajednicu kiselog tijesta proizvedenog od cjelovitih žitarica vrste Triticum monococcum, porijeklom iz jugozapadne Bugarske. Odabir metode ekstrakcije DNA je ključni korak za dobivanje točnih rezultata sekvenciranja, budući da ona može bitno utjecati na ispitanu mikrobnu zajednicu. Stoga smo odabrali tri komercijalna alata za izolaciju DNA i ispitali njihov učinak na bakterijsku raznolikost. Rezultati i zaključci. Pomoću sva tri alata izdvojen je bakterijski DNA materijal koji je zadovoljio kontrolu kvalitete, te je uspješno sekvenciran na platformi Illumina MiSeq. Rezultati dobiveni različitim DNA protokolima pokazali su razlike u profilima mikrobnih zajednica. Alfa-indeksi raznolikosti (ACE, Chao1, Shannon, i Simpson) također su bili različiti za svaku skupinu. Usprkos tome, opažena je izražena dominacija bakterija koljena Firmicutes, razreda Bacilli, reda Lactobacillales, i to najviše porodice Lactobacillaceae, roda Lactobacillus (relativna zastupljenost od 63,11-82,28 %) i porodice Leuconostocaceae, roda Weissella (relativna zastupljenost od 3,67–36,31 %). Dvije dominantne vrste koje su identificirane u sva tri DNA izolata bile su Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, čija je relativna zastupljenost bila 16,15-31,24 % i Levilactobacillus brevis, čija je relativna zastupljenost bila 6,21-16,29 %. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Dobiveni rezultati daju uvid u taksonomski sastav bakterijske populacije kiselog tijesta porijeklom iz Bugarske. Imajući na umu da je kiselo tijesto zahtjevna podloga za izolaciju DNA, te da ne postoji standardizirani protokol za njegovu obradu, svrha je ove pilot studije bila dati mali doprinos uspostavljanju i validaciji budućih protokola, koji će omogućiti preciznu evaluaciju specifične mikrobne populacije kiselih tijesta

Crocus speciosus (Iridaceae)—A New Species for the Bulgarian Flora

This is the first report on the autumn-flowering species Crocus speciosus, belonging to C. ser. Speciosi from the Bulgarian flora. The species was found in Southeastern Bulgaria, in the area between Ahtopol and Rezovo. Re-examining the Bulgarian collections, the earliest specimen was collected in 1975, was probably overlooked, and most likely determined as C. pulchellus. The nearest known localities of the species are on the territory of Türkiye. In this study, we compared C. pulchellus and C. ibrahimii using DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS1/2 region and morphological features. Our study showed a close relationship between the specimens from Bulgaria and the recently deposited data of C. speciosus and their separation from the closely related C. pulchellus. Together with the previously cited white anthers as a key feature for determination, the molecular data confirmed a clear distinction between the samples with white anthers in the two species. The morphological data of our taxon overlapped with the description of C. ibrahimii. The molecular data strongly supported the affiliation of C. speciosus s.l., but did not support the recognition of C. ibrahimii as a separate species and it should be referred to as a subspecies of C. speciosus subsp. ibrahimii Rukšāns

<i>Crocus speciosus</i> (Iridaceae)—A New Species for the Bulgarian Flora

This is the first report on the autumn-flowering species Crocus speciosus, belonging to C. ser. Speciosi from the Bulgarian flora. The species was found in Southeastern Bulgaria, in the area between Ahtopol and Rezovo. Re-examining the Bulgarian collections, the earliest specimen was collected in 1975, was probably overlooked, and most likely determined as C. pulchellus. The nearest known localities of the species are on the territory of Türkiye. In this study, we compared C. pulchellus and C. ibrahimii using DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS1/2 region and morphological features. Our study showed a close relationship between the specimens from Bulgaria and the recently deposited data of C. speciosus and their separation from the closely related C. pulchellus. Together with the previously cited white anthers as a key feature for determination, the molecular data confirmed a clear distinction between the samples with white anthers in the two species. The morphological data of our taxon overlapped with the description of C. ibrahimii. The molecular data strongly supported the affiliation of C. speciosus s.l., but did not support the recognition of C. ibrahimii as a separate species and it should be referred to as a subspecies of C. speciosus subsp. ibrahimii Rukšāns

Crocus pallidus (Iridaceae)&mdash;A Neglected Species for the Bulgarian Flora and Critical Taxon in the Balkans

For a long time, the Balkan endemic species Crocus pallidus has been unconfirmed and neglected for the flora of Bulgaria. It has remained an uncertain species from the Balkans, often listed as a synonym of C. weldenii. The morphological resemblance to the albinistic forms of C. chrysanthus has led to incorrect identification in the past, resulting in uncertainty regarding the distribution of this species in Bulgaria. In this regard, a detailed morphological and anatomical study of Bulgarian natural populations was carried out. A phylogenetic comparison in the ITS region of two Bulgarian populations of C. pallidus with other related species was conducted, revealing the distinction of C. pallidus populations from the closely related C. weldenii. The recently described new endemic species from Turkey, C. thracicus, shows very similar morphological and anatomical characteristics to C. pallidus and logically continues the distribution range in Eastern Thrace, along the Black Sea coast. We have a basis for suggesting that it should be treated as a synonym of C. pallidus