Hydraulics of Minimum Energy Culverts and Bridge Waterways

The design of culverts and bridge waterways according to the approach described variously as "minimum energy" and as "constant energy" is summarised. The hydraulics of the flow in such waterways is discussed. Even though the flow occurring can be quite complex, the waterways can be designed with simple calculations within certain limitations. Some of these limitations are discussed. Some results concerning energy losses in the expanding part of the flow are presented

Simulation of flow past a cube in a turbulent boundary layer

This paper considers the flow over a surface-mounted cube placed in a turbulent boundary layer. The flow is considered to be incompressible and one face of the cube is set perpendicular to the approach flow direction. This flow is simulated on computer by the solution of the Reynolds equation and continuity equation with the help of a κ-ε{lunate} model of turbulence. Computed predictions are compared with experimental measurements. A very good level of agreement is obtained for mean pressures and velocities in the vicinity of the cube, and adequate agreement is obtained for velocity fluctuations