Order of appearance of symptoms of the FTDC criteria and their frequency.

<p>The horizontal axis denotes the order of appearance of symptoms.</p

Frequency of occurrence of different subtypes of disinhibition.

<p>(No separate legend for this figure).</p

Frequency of cardinal features of the FTDC criteria.

<p>The numbers at the end of the bars represent percentage frequencies. Neuropsychology assessment was consistent with the diagnosis of bvFTD in all 58% patients where it could be done.</p

Connected speech profiles in bilinguals with AD (Dutta et al., 2024)

Purpose: Connected speech analysis has been effectively utilized for the diagnosis and disease monitoring of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Existing research has been conducted mostly in monolingual English speakers with a noticeable lack of evidence from bilinguals and non-English speakers, particularly in non-European languages. Using a case study approach, we characterized connected speech profiles of two Bengali–English bilingual speakers with AD to determine the universal features of language impairments in both languages, identify language-specific differences between the languages, and explore language impairment characteristics of the participants with AD in relation to their bilingual language experience.Method: Participants included two Bengali–English bilingual speakers with AD and a group of age-, gender-, education-, and language-matched neurologically healthy controls. Connected speech samples were collected in first language (L1; Bengali) and second language (L2; English) using a novel storytelling task (i.e., Frog, Where Are You?). These samples were analyzed using an augmented quantitative production analysis and correct information unit analyses for productivity, fluency, syntactic and morphosyntactic features, and lexical and semantic characteristics.Results: Irrespective of the language, AD impacted speech productivity (speech rate and fluency) and semantic characteristics in both languages. Unique language-specific differences were noted on syntactic measures (reduced sentence length in Bengali), lexical distribution (fewer pronouns and absence of reduplication in Bengali), and inflectional properties (no difficulties with noun or verb inflections in Bengali). Among the two participants with AD, the individual who showed lower proficiency and usage in L2 (English) demonstrated reduced syntactic complexity and morphosyntactic richness in English.Conclusions: Evidence from these case studies suggests that language impairment features in AD are not universal across languages, particularly in comparison to impairments typically associated with language breakdowns in English. This study underscores the importance of establishing connected speech profiles in AD for non–English-speaking populations, especially for structurally different languages. This would in turn lead to the development of language-specific markers that can facilitate early detection of language deterioration and aid in improving diagnosis of AD in individuals belonging to underserved linguistically diverse populations.Supplemental Material S1. Existing studies exploring language in bilingual AD (based on Stilwell et al., 2016, and Calabria et al., 2017).Supplemental Material S2. Best Practice Guidelines for Reporting Spoken Discourse in Aphasia and Neurogenic Communication Disorders.Supplemental Material S3. A complete list and definitions of variables derived from the Quantitative Production Analysis (QPA) and Correct Information Unit (CIU) analyses.Dutta, M., Mello, T. M. D., Cheng, Y., Dash, N. S., Nandi, R., Dutt, A., & Bose, A. (2024). Universal and language-specific connected speech characteristics of bilingual speakers with Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from case studies of structurally distinct languages. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(4), 1143–1164. https://doi.org/10.1044/2024_JSLHR-23-00254</p