Quantum systems as classical systems

A characteristical property of a classical physical theory is that the observables are real functions taking an exact outcome on every (pure) state; in a quantum theory, at the contrary, a given observable on a given state can take several values with only a predictable probability. However, even in the classical case, when an observer is intrinsically unable to distinguish between some distinct states he can convince himself that the measure of its ''observables'' can have several values in a random way with a statistical character. What kind of statistical theory is obtainable in this way? It is possible, for example, to obtain exactly the statistical previsions of quantum mechanics? Or, in other words, can a physical system showing a classical behaviour appear to be a quantum system to a confusing observer? We show that from a mathematical viewpoint it is not difficult to produce a theory with hidden variables having this property. We don't even try to justify in physical terms the artificial construction we propose; what we do is to give a general and rigorous argument showing how the interplay between the classical and quantum mechanics we offer is interpretable as the difference between an imaginary very expert observer and another nonexpert observer. This proves also that besides the well known theorems concerning the impossibility of hidden variables (cfr. Von Neumann [Neu] and Jauch-Piron [J-P]) there is also room for a result in favor of the possibility.Comment: late

Terapêuticas Promissoras para o Controle da Obesidade: uma Revisão Abrangente

This study examines promising therapeutics for obesity control, addressing a variety of innovative and integrated approaches. Initially, the potential of pharmacological therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, is highlighted, showcasing their effectiveness in weight reduction and improved glycemic control. Furthermore, the growing interest in interventions centered on the intestinal microbiota is emphasized, elucidating how manipulating bacterial composition can influence metabolism and contribute to weight loss. Another notable aspect is the role of metabolic modulation therapies, such as blood flow restriction during exercise, with evidence indicating improvements in neural reactivity to food stimuli in obese individuals. Following this, behavioral strategies and psychological therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and the promotion of healthy eating habits, are discussed as essential elements in the sustainable control of obesity over time. In addition to pharmacological approaches, microbiota modulation, and behavioral strategies, this study underscores the need for a holistic understanding of obesity. The importance of incorporating personalized interventions, considering genetic, metabolic, and socioeconomic factors influencing an individual's response to proposed therapeutics, is emphasized. Adopting a patient-centered approach, the study highlights the necessity for continuous care and support over time, acknowledging the complexity of obesity control. In this regard, the research emphasizes not only the effectiveness of therapeutics but also the need for an integrated and personalized approach to comprehensively address this health challenge. Finally, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized, integrating different therapeutics to optimize outcomes in obesity control. The combination of pharmacological interventions, microbiota modulation, behavioral strategies, and psychological support emerges as a comprehensive and promising approach to tackle this global health challenge.Este trabalho examina terapêuticas promissoras para o controle da obesidade, abordando uma variedade de abordagens inovadoras e integradas. Inicialmente, destaca-se o potencial das terapias farmacológicas, como os agonistas do receptor GLP-1 e os inibidores de SGLT-2, que demonstraram eficácia na redução de peso e melhor controle glicêmico. Além disso, enfoca-se o crescente interesse em intervenções centradas na microbiota intestinal, destacando como a manipulação da composição bacteriana pode influenciar o metabolismo e contribuir para a perda de peso. Outro ponto de destaque é o papel das terapias de modulação metabólica, como a restrição de fluxo sanguíneo durante o exercício, que apresenta evidências de melhorias na reatividade neural a estímulos alimentares em indivíduos obesos. Em seguida, são discutidas estratégias comportamentais e terapias psicológicas, incluindo a terapia cognitivo-comportamental e a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, como elementos essenciais no controle sustentável da obesidade ao longo do tempo. Além das abordagens farmacológicas, modulação microbiota e estratégias comportamentais, este trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de uma compreensão holística da obesidade. Destaca-se a importância de incorporar intervenções personalizadas, levando em consideração fatores genéticos, metabólicos e socioeconômicos que podem influenciar a resposta do indivíduo às terapêuticas propostas. Ao adotar uma abordagem centrada no paciente, o trabalho enfatiza a necessidade de um cuidado contínuo e suporte ao longo do tempo, reconhecendo a complexidade do controle da obesidade. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa destaca não apenas a eficácia das terapêuticas, mas também a necessidade de uma abordagem integrada e personalizada para enfrentar esse desafio de saúde de forma abrangente. Por fim, destaca-se a importância de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, integrando diferentes terapêuticas para otimizar os resultados no controle da obesidade. A combinação de intervenções farmacológicas, modulação microbiota, estratégias comportamentais e apoio psicológico emerge como uma abordagem abrangente e promissora para enfrentar esse desafio de saúde global