Spectral interferometry with waveform-dependent relativistic high-order harmonics from plasma surfaces

The interaction of ultra-intense laser pulses with matter opened the way to generate the shortest light pulses available nowadays in the attosecond regime. Ionized solid surfaces, also called plasma mirrors, are promising tools to enhance the potential of attosecond sources in terms of photon energy, photon number and duration especially at relativistic laser intensities. Although the production of isolated attosecond pulses and the understanding of the underlying interactions represent a fundamental step towards the realization of such sources, these are challenging and have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we present laser-waveform-dependent high-order harmonic radiation in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range supporting well-isolated attosecond pulses, and utilize spectral interferometry to understand its relativistic generation mechanism. This unique interpretation of the measured spectra provides access to unrevealed temporal and spatial properties such as spectral phase difference between attosecond pulses and field-driven plasma surface motion during the process

Light Curves and Colors of the Ejecta from Dimorphos after the DART Impact

On 26 September 2022 the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, a satellite of the asteroid 65803 Didymos. Because it is a binary system, it is possible to determine how much the orbit of the satellite changed, as part of a test of what is necessary to deflect an asteroid that might threaten Earth with an impact. In nominal cases, pre-impact predictions of the orbital period reduction ranged from ~8.8 - 17.2 minutes. Here we report optical observations of Dimorphos before, during and after the impact, from a network of citizen science telescopes across the world. We find a maximum brightening of 2.29 $\pm$ 0.14 mag upon impact. Didymos fades back to its pre-impact brightness over the course of 23.7 $\pm$ 0.7 days. We estimate lower limits on the mass contained in the ejecta, which was 0.3 - 0.5% Dimorphos' mass depending on the dust size. We also observe a reddening of the ejecta upon impact.Comment: Accepted by Natur

Génération d'impulsions attosecondes sur miroir plasma à très haute cadence

Focusing an intense laser pulse onto a solid surface leads to the almost complete ionisation of matter and the creation of a plasma of near-solid electronic density. Collective charge dynamic of the plasma electrons is then driven by the laser field and can give birth to a train of XUV attosecond pulses. This work aims at demonstrating that plasma dynamics can be driven with attosecond precison by the laser field in order to generate reproducible attosecond XUV pulses. Therfore we built up the first laser-solid interaction setup working at kHz repetition. The first XUV emission being detected, we demontrated the attosecond control of the plasma electron dynamic driven by a few-cycle waveform laser pulse by observing the emission spectrum. Finally, we showed the first generation of a bunch of spatially isolated attosecond pulses from plasma mirror with the attosecond lighthouse technique.La focalisation d'un laser intense sur une surface solide entraine l'ionisation presque complète du milieu, donnant lieu à la formation d'un plasma de densité plusieurs centaines de fois supérieure à la densité critique. La dynamique collective des électrons du plasma est alors dictée par l'action du champ laser, et peut donner lieu à l'émission d'un train d'impulsions XUV de durée attoseconde. Les motivations de ce travail de thèse sont les suivantes : démontrer que l'on peut, en contrôlant tir à tir la forme exacte du champ électrique du laser, guider de façon reproductible la dynamique des électrons du plasma avec une précision attoseconde, et par conséquent la structure temporelle du train d'impulsions attosecondes généré. Pour réaliser cette expérience, nous avons tout d'abord mis en place un dispositif expérimental d'interaction laser-solide au kHz, dimensionné pour assurer des conditions d'interaction parfaitement reproductible tir à tir. Une fois ce dispositif éprouvé et les premières harmoniques détectées, nous avons ensuite démontré, en observant le spectre de l'émission XUV, le contrôle attoseconde de la dynamique des électrons du plasma en utilisant la source laser de deux cycles optiques stabilisée en phase. Enfin, nous avons observé expérimentalement, par la technique du phare attoseconde, le contrôle spatio-temporel par le champ laser du train d'impulsions attosecondes, donnant notamment lieu à la génération d'un groupe d'impulsions attosecondes isolées spatialement

Spatio-spectral metrology at focus of ultrashort lasers: a phase-retrieval approach

International audienceThe complete characterization of an ultrashort laser beam ultimately requires the determination of its spatio-temporal electric field $E$($x$, $y$, $t$), or its spatio-spectral counterpart $\tilde E$($x$, $y$, $\omega$). We describe a new measurement technique called INSIGHT, which determines $\tilde E$($x$, $y$, $\omega$), up to an unknown spatially-homogeneous spectral phase. Combining this information with a temporal measurement at a single point of the beam then enables the determination of the spatio-temporal field $E$($x$, $y$, $t$). This technique is based on the combination of spatially-resolved Fourier-transform spectroscopy with an alternate-projection phase-retrieval algorithm. It can be applied to any reproducible laser source with a repetition rate higher than about 0.1 Hz, relies on a very simple device, does not require any reference beam, and circumvents the difficulty associated with the manipulation of large beam diameters by working in the vicinity of the beam focus. We demonstrate INSIGHT on a 100 TW-25 fs laser, and use the measurement results to introduce new representations for the analysis of spatio-temporal/spectral couplings of ultrashort lasers

Intense isolated attosecond pulse generation from relativistic laser plasmas using few-cycle laser pulses

We have performed a systematic study through particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the generation of attosecond pulse from relativistic laser plasmas when laser pulse duration approaches the few-cycle regime. A significant enhancement of attosecond pulse energy has been found to depend on laser pulse duration, carrier envelope phase, and plasma scale length. Based on the results obtained in this work, the potential of attaining isolated attosecond pulses with ∼100 μJ energy for photons >16 eV using state-of-the-art laser technology appears to be within reach

Lightwave control of attosecond pulse emission from plasma mirrors

We demonstrate attosecond control of collective electron motion in plasmas driven by near-relativistic intensity laser fields of controlled waveform in both space and time. We were able to generate spatially isolated attosecond pulses from a plasma mirrors for the first time

Lightwave control of attosecond pulse emission from plasma mirrors

We demonstrate attosecond control of collective electron motion in plasmas driven by near-relativistic intensity laser fields of controlled waveform in both space and time. We were able to generate spatially isolated attosecond pulses from a plasma mirrors for the first time

Spatio-temporal structure of a petawatt femtosecond laser beam

International audienceThe development of optical metrology suited to ultrafast lasers has played a key role in the progress of these light sources in the last few decades. Measurement techniques providing the complete E-field of ultrashort laser beams in both time and space are now being developed. Yet, they had so far not been applied to the most powerful ultrashort lasers, which reach the PetaWatt range by pushing the chirped pulse amplification (CPA) scheme to its present technical limits. This situation left doubts on their actual performance, and in particular on the peak intensity they can reach at focus. In this article we present the first complete spatio-temporal characterization of a PetaWatt femtosecond laser operating at full intensity, the BELLA laser, using two recently-developed independent measurement techniques. Our results demonstrate that, with adequate optimization, the CPA technique is still suitable at these extreme scales, i.e. it is not inherently limited by spatio-temporal couplings. We also show how these measurements provide unprecedented insight into the physics and operation regime of such laser systems

Generation of 4.3 fs, 1 mJ laser pulses via compression of circularly polarized pulses in a gas-filled hollow-core fiber

International audienceWe report the generation of 4.3 fs, 1 mJ pulses at 1 kHz using a hollow-core fiber compressor seeded with circularly polarized laser pulses. We observe up to 30% more energy throughput compared to the case of linearly polarized laser input, together with significantly improved output spectral stability. Seeding with circularly polarized pulses proves to be an effective approach for high-energy operation of the hollow-fiber compression technique