Real-Time Detection of the Bacterial Biofilm Formation Stages Using QCM-Based Sensors

Bacterial biofilms are a major cause of harm related to medical infections and biofouling. Thus, 80% of total infections are caused by biofilm-forming microorganisms. Consequently, knowledge of biofilm formation stages is crucial to develop effective treatments to prevent their formation in medical implants, tools, and devices. For this purpose, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors are becoming a good alternative to analytical methods for the real-time monitoring of bacterial growth in liquid media culture. In a previous paper, the authors described an affordable multi-channel measurement instrument based on QCM sensors. However, in order to validate its correct operation, complementary experimental measurements based on bacterial biofilm growth were performed. In this work, the experimental measurements that allow the identification of the different biofilm formation stages are described. The results obtained are discussed