Sadržaj teških metala i bioakumulacijski potencijal nekih samoniklih jestivih gljiva

The concentration of Fe, Zn and Cu in ten edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park was determined. The similarity between the studied species was deterimend by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruit bodies. The analyses of heavy metals were carried out by X – ray fluorescence spectormetry. The highest concentration of Fe (153.96 mg kg–1) was determined in Tricholoma portentosum, and the highest concentration of Zn (90.60 mg kg–1) was determined in Tricholoma terreum. The highest concentration of Cu was determined in Macrolepiota procera (78.18 mg kg–1). The concentrations of Zn and Cu significantly differed (p<0.05; p<0.001) between examined saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. A considerably higher concentration of the analysed elements was found in the cap than in the stipe for all mushroom species. All mushrooms species were bio-exclusors of Fe in relation to the underlying soils. Cluster analysis performed on the basis of the bioaccumulation of the studied metals revealed great similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation.Predmetnim istraživanjem utvrđivana je koncentracija Fe, Zn i Cu u deset samoniklih jestivih vrsta gljiva Parka prirode Medvednica. Sličnost između ispitivnih vrsta gljiva ustanovljena je klaster analizom na temelju koncentracije navedenih metala u plodnom tijelu gljiva. Analiza teških metala provedena je metodom XRF – rentgenske fluoroscentne spektrometrije. Najveća koncentracija Fe od 153.96 mg kg–1 utvrđena je u Tricholoma portentosum, dok je najveća koncentracija Zn od 90.60 mg kg–1 ustanovljena u vrsti Tricholoma terreum. Najveća koncentracija Cu utvrđena je u vrsti Macrolepiota procera (78.8 mg kg–1). Analizom teških metala u gljivama ustanovljene su značajne razlike (p<0.05; p<0.001) u koncentraciji Zn i Cu između saprofitskih i ektomikoriznih vrsta gljiva. Utvrđena je znatno veća koncentracija ispitivanih metala u klobuku u odnosu na stručak. Sve istraživane vrste gljiva isključene su kao mogući bioindikatori onečišćenja okoliša željezom. Klaster analiza provedena na temlju koncentracije teških metala u gljivama otkrila je veliku sličnost vrsta gljiva koje pripadaju istom rodu i djelomične sličnosti vrsta iste ekološke pripadnosti

Fizikalno-kemijska svojstva mesa janjadi ličke pramenke uzgajane u poluintenzivnom proizvodnom sustavu: utjecaj spola, tjelesne mase pri klanju i sezone.

The purpose of this study was to determine influence of sex, slaughter weight and slaughtering season on the physicochemical properties of meat of Lika Pramenka lambs raised in accordance with the traditional farming system in the Lika region. Male lambs had higher cooking loss (P≤0.05), higher proportions of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids (P≤0.05), and n-6 PUFA (P≤0.05) and n-6/n-3 ratio (P≤0.01) than female lambs. An increase in slaughter weight significantly affected carcass weight (P≤0.01), dressing percentage (P≤0.01) and the parameter a* (P≤0.05) of the meat colour. The season significantly affected slaughter weight (P≤0.01), carcass weight (P≤0.01), meat colour parameters (P≤0.05) and fatty acid composition (P≤0.05). Lambs slaughtered at a similar age and reared under similar conditions will have very similar expressions of meat quality traits, regardless of gender. Apart from yield and the redness of the meat, it is expected that slaughter weight will not notably affect any other trait that could be of interest for buyers. The season affected almost all the investigated traits, which was primarily due to the different availability of forage.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj spola, tjelesne mase pri klanju i sezone na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva mesa janjadi ličke pramenke uzgajane u skladu s tradicijskim načinom na području Like. U trupovima muške janjadi utvrđen je značajno veći kalo kuhanja (P≤0,05), značajno veći udio linolne i α-linolenske masne kiseline (P≤0,05), n-6 PUFA (P≤0,05) i kvocijent n-6/n-3(P≤0,01) negoli u trupovima ženske janjadi. Povećanje tjelesne mase pri klanju značajno je utjecalo na klaoničku masu (P≤0,01), randman (P≤0,01) te a* pokazatelj boje mesa (P≤0,05). Sezona je značajno utjecala na tjelesnu masu pri klanju (P≤0,01), klaoničku masu (P≤0,01), sve pokazatelje boje (P≤0,05) i masnokiselinski sastav (P≤0,05) janjećeg mesa. Rezultatima predmetnog istraživanja je utvrđeno da janjad koju se uzgaja u podjednakim uvjetima i zakolje kod ujednačene dobi, neovisno o spolu, ima vrlo ujednačenu ekspresiju svojstava kakvoće mesa. Izuzev radmana i crvenila mesa, tjelesna masa pri klanju nije značajnije utjecala na ostala svojstva koja mogu biti od značajnijeg interesa za potrošače. Sezona je značajno utjecala na gotovo sva istraživana svojstva što se prvenstveno pripisuje različitoj dostupnosti krme

Utjecaj uzgoja u srodstvu na porodnu masu jaradi sanske pasmine

The study aimed to examine the effect of inbreeding on the birth weight (BW) of Saanen goat kids under the framework of the genetic animal model for maternal traits. The BW of the kids was analyzed as the inherent phenotypic trait of the kid, and not of their mothers (does) which means that the impact of the direct inbreeding (not maternal) was examined. The estimated ratios of variance components for direct genetic, indirect maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental, and herd effects were 0.127, 0.026, 0.163, and 0.373, respectively. The average coefficient of inbreeding (F) was 2.5%, and 4.2% among the inbreds. The results of the preliminary conducted glm ANCOVA analysis implicated statistically significant inbreeding depression for BW (βF=-0.0076, P0.05).Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj uzgoja u srodstvu na porodnu masu jaradi sanske pasmine koza genetskim “animal” modelom za materinska svojstva. Pritom je svojstvo porodne mase promatrano kao inherentno svojstvo jaradi, a ne njihovih majki (koza) što znači da je analiziran utjecaj direktnog, a ne maternalnog uzgoja u srodstvu. Procijenjeni udjeli komponenti varijance za direktne genske učinke, indirektne materinske genske učinke, trajne materinske učinke te učinke stada bili su redom 0,127, 0,026, 0,163 i 0,373. Prosječni utvrđeni koeficijent uzgoja u srodstvu (F) bio je 2.5%, a inbirdiranih jedinki 4.2%. Rezultati preliminarno provedene glm ANCOVA analize upućivali su na postojanje statistički značajne inbriding depresije za porodnu masu jaradi (βF=-0,0076, P 0,05)

Heavy metals in edible mushroom Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. collected from Zrin mountain, Croatia

Background and Purpose: Trace element contents in genus Boletus from Croatia are very limited. The aim of this study is to give detailed trace element concentrations in ectomychorrhizal edible mushroom Boletus reticulatus from Zrin mountain. Material and Method: Fruiting bodies of the Boletus reticulatus were collected in a study area of Zrin mountain (Croatia). The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in fruiting bodies of ectomychorrhizal species were carried out by atomic adsorption spectrometry. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that concentrations of the studied elements decreased in order: Zn (91,31 mg kg–1) > Fe (57,27 mg kg–1) > Cu (13,80 mg kg–1) > Pb (4,20 mg kg–1) > Ni (2,67 mg kg–1) > Cr (2,52 mg kg–1) > Hg (2,38 mg kg–1) > Cd (1,66 mg kg–1). The essential elements in fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus were much higher than those of toxic elements. The possibility of toxicological effects on human health consumption of investigated species (Boletus reticulatus) is negligible

Estimation of Variance Components for Litter Size in the First and Later Parities in Improved Jezersko-Solcava Sheep

Aim of this study was to estimate variance components for litter size in Improved Jezersko-Solcava sheep. Analysis involved 66,082 records from 12,969 animals, for the number of lambs born in all parities (BA), the first parity (B1), and later parities (B2+). Fixed part of model contained the effects of season and age at lambing within parity. Random part of model contained the effects of herd, permanent effect (for repeatability models), and additive genetic effect. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The average number of lambs born was 1.36 in the first parity, while the average in later parities was 1.59 leading also to about 20% higher variance. Several models were tested in order to accommodate markedly different variability in litter size between the first and later parities: single trait model (for BA, B1, and B2+), two-trait model (for B1 and B2+), and single trait model with heterogeneous residual variance (for BA). Comparison of variance components between models showed largest differences for the residual variance, resulting in parsimonious fit for a single trait model for BA with heterogeneous residual variance. Correlations among breeding values from different models were high and showed remarkable performance of the standard single trait repeatability model for BA

Estimates of environmental effects, genetic parameters and genetic trends for reproductive traits in Alpine goats

Study of litter size (LS), birth weight (BW) and litter weight (LW) over successive parities was conducted on diary Alpine goats reared in Croatia. Statistical analysis was performed on records obtained out of 46 722 parturitions from 18 546 goats of different ages and parities. Twining and tripling rates were 27% i.e. 1%. Unadjusted averages for LS, BW and LW were 1.46 lambs, 3.29 kg, and 4.75 kg, respectively. Univariate analysis (repeatability animal model) was used in estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values. Season (as year-month interaction), age at lambing (as quadratic regression) nested within parity and type of birth were treated as fixed, and herd-year, additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual were treated as random effects, respectively. All investigated effects were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). Heritability estimates were 0.039, 0.036, and 0.023 for LS, BW, and LW, respectively. Herd-year affected BW (46%) and LW (40%) much more than LS (12%). Average breeding values by year of the birth in the last decade oscillated between investigated years. Positive genetic trends of all investigated traits were determined only after year 2007

INFLUENCE OF SEX, SLAUGHTER WEIGHT AND SEASON ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF LIKA PRAMENKA LAMBS RAISED UNDER SEMI-EXTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Summary: The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of sex, slaughter weight and season on carcass characteristics of Lika Pramenka lambs (30 males and 30 females). All lambs were reared traditionally on natural pastures within two seasons and were slaughtered at the age of five months. Male lambs had deeper chests and longer hind legs than females. Furthermore, male lambs had higher proportion of shoulder, hind legs, shank, head, and lower proportion of rack. Female lambs had lower bone and muscle proportions and higher fat proportions in individual cuts. Slaughter weight significantly affected hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, stomach with intestines, lungs with hearth, skin with feet, chest depth, proportion of belly, shank, kidney knob and channel fat. Season affected all slaughter traits, linear measurements and non-carcass components (except spleen and skin with feet). Furthermore, season affected proportion of neck, rack, hind legs, shank, belly, flank, and fat and bone proportions in the carcass i.e. fat proportion in shoulder, rack, loin, hind legs and belly, and muscle proportion in rack and belly. In order to provide more uniform lambs at the market it is necessary to assure typical feeds in unfavourable seasons and slaughter lambs at narrower weight ranges. Since typical and “natural” meat products are gaining popularity it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies with sensory evaluation and consumers included

Estimation of Variance Components for Litter Size in the First and Later Parities in Improved Jezersko-Solcava Sheep

Aim of this study was to estimate variance components for litter size in Improved Jezersko-Solcava sheep. Analysis involved 66,082 records from 12,969 animals, for the number of lambs born in all parities (BA), the first parity (B1), and later parities (B2+). Fixed part of model contained the effects of season and age at lambing within parity. Random part of model contained the effects of herd, permanent effect (for repeatability models), and additive genetic effect. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The average number of lambs born was 1.36 in the first parity, while the average in later parities was 1.59 leading also to about 20% higher variance. Several models were tested in order to accommodate markedly different variability in litter size between the first and later parities: single trait model (for BA, B1, and B2+), two-trait model (for B1 and B2+), and single trait model with heterogeneous residual variance (for BA). Comparison of variance components between models showed largest differences for the residual variance, resulting in parsimonious fit for a single trait model for BA with heterogeneous residual variance. Correlations among breeding values from different models were high and showed remarkable performance of the standard single trait repeatability model for BA

The Influence of Breed and Body Region on the Wool Fibre Diameter

Za istraživanje utjecaja pasmine i dijela tijela na promjer vunskih vlakana uzeti su uzorci vune s triju dijelova tijela (plećka, rebra i but) triju pasmina ovaca: Merinolandschaf (ML – zatvoreno runo), paška ovca (PO – poluotvoreno runo) i travnička pramenka (TP – otvoreno runo). Utvrđena je značajna razlika u količini vune između istraživanih pasmina ovaca (P < 0,001). Najmanji promjer vlakna utvrđen je u pasmine Merinolandschaf (27,70 μm), neznatno veći u paške ovce (27,78 μm), dok je najveći utvrđen u travničke pramenke (39,57 μm). Prosječan promjer vlakana vune pasmine Merinolandschaf i paške ovce bio je sličan i signifikantno manji od onoga utvrđenog u vuni travničke pramenke (P < 0,001). U runu istraživanih pasmina najfinija vlakna bila su s plećke (ML, 25,13 μm; PO, 25,56 μm; TP, 37,14 μm), zatim s rebara (ML, 27,83 μm; PO, 27,57 μm; TP, 39,76 μm), dok je najgrublja vuna utvrđena u uzorcima s buta (ML, 30,13 μm; PO, 30,22 μm; TP, 41,83 μm). Utvrđen je signifikantan (P < 0,00) utjecaj dijela tijela na promjer vlakna istraživanih pasmina.To investigate the influence of a breed and body region on the wool fibre diameter, the wool samples were taken from the three body regions (shoulder, rib, and rump) of the three sheep breeds: the Merinolandschaf (ML – closed fleece), Pag sheep (PS – semi-open fleece), and the Travnik Pramenka sheep (TP – open fleece). A significant difference in fleece yield was determined between the breeds investigated (P < 0.001). The smallest fibre diameter was detected in the Merinolandschaf sheep breed (27.70 μm), a slightly larger in the Pag sheep (27.78 μm), while the largest was established in the Travnik Pramenka sheep (39.57 μm). The average fibre diameter of the Merinolandschaf sheep breed’s wool and of the Pag sheep breed’s wool was similar and significantly smaller than that of the Travnik Pramenka sheep breed’s wool (P < 0.001). The finest fibres came from the shoulder (ML, 25.13 μm; PS, 25.56 μm; TP, 37.14 μm) and then from the rib (ML, 27.83 μm; PS, 27.57 μm; TP, 39.76 μm), while the coarsest wool was found in the rump samples (ML, 30.13 μm; PS, 30.22 μm; TP, 41.83 μm) in the fleece of the investigated sheep breeds. The research determined a significant influence (P < 0.001) of a body region on a fibre diameter of the investigated breeds

Genomic estimation of dominance variance and inbreeding depression in a local sheep breed

Dominance variance can account for a substantial proportion of total genetic variance depending on the species and trait. Its assessment was historically cumbersome primarily due to the size and structure of available pedigree data and corresponding computational complexities. Estimations were simplified with the availability of genome-wide SNP markers, opening the potential to study non-additive genetic variation even in small populations such as local sheep breeds. Further, it has been argued that when estimating dominance, it is essential to account for genomic inbreeding because a decrease in heterozygosity can lead to an overall decrease in the mean of a trait of interest due to directional dominance. Local livestock breeds are susceptible to inbreeding and inbreeding depression due to small population sizes and the resulting increased relatedness between mates. Local breed conservation should be prioritised because they are reservoirs of genetic diversity and have characteristics that could be essential resources for adapting to future challenges. Therefore, when designing selection programmes for small livestock populations, the effects of dominance and inbreeding need to be considered. We aimed to estimate additive and dominance genetic variances and genomic inbreeding for milk traits in Pag sheep. This local Croatian breed is adapted to a Mediterranean island with a marginal grazing system and is raised for milk (mainly used for cheese) and lamb production. We had 50K SNP array genotype data for 2134 animals, of which 1744 were ewes with milk records. After quality control of genomic data, we imputed sporadic missingness and corrected genotype errors using AlphaPeel. We detected runs of homozygosity (ROH) with Plink 1.9 to estimate genomic inbreeding (FROH). For each recorded milk trait (milk, fat and protein yields in kg, and somatic cell score), we compared four single-trait models with additive and dominance effects, and FROH as a covariate to account for directional dominance, fitted with both Bayesian and REML methods as implemented in BLUPF90. We found additive variance was stable across the different models for each trait, while dominance variance varied and was impacted by the inclusion of FROH covariate in the model. Dominance variance accounted for 10-30% of genetic variance across models and traits. Using a genome-wide association analysis approach, we will also detect regions of the genome with additive genetic, dominance genetic or ROH effects on milk traits. Finding the best approach to utilise available non-additive genetic variation in the local (small) livestock breeding programmes via either optimal contribution selection and mate allocation schemes or leveraging SNP effects associated with the non-additive genetic effects is an important open question. Genomic data has allowed us to estimate additive and dominance variance and inbreeding in Pag sheep, which will contribute to developing sustainable genomic selection programmes for this and other small livestock populations