161 research outputs found
A Study on the Input and Output of Vocabulary Teaching Based on Noticing Theory
As an important concept in cognitive psychology, noticing is pertinent to the daily life, working, and study. What is more, it is one of essential factors to have a bearing on language learning. When teachers input or output knowledge or material, not all the things can gain learners’ attention, that is, the value of these things is not equal. Based on the analysis of vocabulary from the textbook published by the People’s Education Publishing House from the perspective of Noticing Theory, this paper tries to explore some teaching cases of how to facilitate the input and output of vocabulary teaching, aiming to enhance learners’ efficiency, and provide some reference to teachers on how to attract learners’ attention. The result shows that it is better to design the tasks on the basis of those elements of Noticing Theory, that is, expectation or readiness, frequency, perceptual salience instruction, task demands, and skill level, which facilitates the vocabulary acquisition, and boosts learner’s interest and initiative to learn English vocabulary
Electoral Accountability and Selection with Personalized Information Aggregation
We study a model of electoral accountability and selection (EAS) in which
heterogeneous voters can aggregate the incumbent's performance data into
personalized signals through paying limited attention. Extreme voters' signals
exhibit an own-party bias, which hampers their abilities to discern good and
bad performances. While this effect alone would undermine EAS, there is a
countervailing effect stemming from partisan disagreements, which make the
centrist voter pivotal and could potentially enhance EAS. Overall, increasing
mass polarization and shrinking attention spans have ambiguous effects on EAS,
whereas correlating voters' signals unambiguously improves EAS and voter
welfare
A Rational Inattention Theory of Echo Chamber
Finite players allocate limited attention capacities across biased primary
sources and other players in order to gather information about an uncertain
state. The resulting Poisson attention network transmits information from
primary sources to a player either directly or indirectly through the other
players. We study when and why rational inattention leads players with similar
preferences to form echo chambers, and why mandatorily exposing players to all
biased sources could dissolve echo chambers but undermine welfare. We
characterize the opinion distribution within an echo chamber, establishing the
law of the few and the controversy of policy interventions that augment source
visibility
Learning News Bias: Misspecifications and Consequences
We study how a decision maker (DM) learns about the bias of unfamiliar news
sources. Absent any frictions, a rational DM uses known sources as a yardstick
to discern the true bias of a source. If a DM has misspecified beliefs, this
process fails. We derive long-run beliefs, behavior, welfare, and corresponding
comparative statics, when the DM has dogmatic, incorrect beliefs about the bias
of known sources. The distortion due to misspecified learning is succinctly
captured by a single-dimensional metric we introduce. Our model generates the
hostile media effect and false polarization, and has implications for
fact-checking and misperception recalibration
ICAR: Image-based Complementary Auto Reasoning
Scene-aware Complementary Item Retrieval (CIR) is a challenging task which
requires to generate a set of compatible items across domains. Due to the
subjectivity, it is difficult to set up a rigorous standard for both data
collection and learning objectives. To address this challenging task, we
propose a visual compatibility concept, composed of similarity (resembling in
color, geometry, texture, and etc.) and complementarity (different items like
table vs chair completing a group). Based on this notion, we propose a
compatibility learning framework, a category-aware Flexible Bidirectional
Transformer (FBT), for visual "scene-based set compatibility reasoning" with
the cross-domain visual similarity input and auto-regressive complementary item
generation. We introduce a "Flexible Bidirectional Transformer (FBT)"
consisting of an encoder with flexible masking, a category prediction arm, and
an auto-regressive visual embedding prediction arm. And the inputs for FBT are
cross-domain visual similarity invariant embeddings, making this framework
quite generalizable. Furthermore, our proposed FBT model learns the
inter-object compatibility from a large set of scene images in a
self-supervised way. Compared with the SOTA methods, this approach achieves up
to 5.3% and 9.6% in FITB score and 22.3% and 31.8% SFID improvement on fashion
and furniture, respectively
Hyperbolic Space with Hierarchical Margin Boosts Fine-Grained Learning from Coarse Labels
Learning fine-grained embeddings from coarse labels is a challenging task due
to limited label granularity supervision, i.e., lacking the detailed
distinctions required for fine-grained tasks. The task becomes even more
demanding when attempting few-shot fine-grained recognition, which holds
practical significance in various applications. To address these challenges, we
propose a novel method that embeds visual embeddings into a hyperbolic space
and enhances their discriminative ability with a hierarchical cosine margins
manner. Specifically, the hyperbolic space offers distinct advantages,
including the ability to capture hierarchical relationships and increased
expressive power, which favors modeling fine-grained objects. Based on the
hyperbolic space, we further enforce relatively large/small similarity margins
between coarse/fine classes, respectively, yielding the so-called hierarchical
cosine margins manner. While enforcing similarity margins in the regular
Euclidean space has become popular for deep embedding learning, applying it to
the hyperbolic space is non-trivial and validating the benefit for
coarse-to-fine generalization is valuable. Extensive experiments conducted on
five benchmark datasets showcase the effectiveness of our proposed method,
yielding state-of-the-art results surpassing competing methods.Comment: Accepted by NeurIPS 202
Metformin alleviates hepatic iron overload and ferroptosis through AMPK-ferroportin pathway in HFD-induced NAFLD
Highlights Metformin alleviates HIO and ferroptosis in HFD-induced NAFLD FPN is involved in the molecular mechanism of metformin on HIO in HFD-induced NAFLD Metformin upregulates FPN expression by reducing lysosomal ubiquitination degradation Summary Metformin prevents progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the potential mechanism is not entirely understood. Ferroptosis, a recently recognized nonapoptotic form of regulated cell death, has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Here, we investigated the effects of metformin on ferroptosis and its potential mechanism in NAFLD. We found that metformin prevented the progression of NAFLD, and alleviated hepatic iron overload (HIO), ferroptosis and upregulated ferroportin (FPN) expression in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, metformin reduced the lysosomal degradation pathway of FPN through activation AMPK, thus upregulated the expression of FPN protein, alleviated HIO and ferroptosis, and prevented progression of NAFLD. These findings discover a mechanism of metformin, suggesting that targeting FPN may have the therapeutic potential for treating NAFLD and related disorders
You Can Mask More For Extremely Low-Bitrate Image Compression
Learned image compression (LIC) methods have experienced significant progress
during recent years. However, these methods are primarily dedicated to
optimizing the rate-distortion (R-D) performance at medium and high bitrates (>
0.1 bits per pixel (bpp)), while research on extremely low bitrates is limited.
Besides, existing methods fail to explicitly explore the image structure and
texture components crucial for image compression, treating them equally
alongside uninformative components in networks. This can cause severe
perceptual quality degradation, especially under low-bitrate scenarios. In this
work, inspired by the success of pre-trained masked autoencoders (MAE) in many
downstream tasks, we propose to rethink its mask sampling strategy from
structure and texture perspectives for high redundancy reduction and
discriminative feature representation, further unleashing the potential of LIC
methods. Therefore, we present a dual-adaptive masking approach (DA-Mask) that
samples visible patches based on the structure and texture distributions of
original images. We combine DA-Mask and pre-trained MAE in masked image
modeling (MIM) as an initial compressor that abstracts informative semantic
context and texture representations. Such a pipeline can well cooperate with
LIC networks to achieve further secondary compression while preserving
promising reconstruction quality. Consequently, we propose a simple yet
effective masked compression model (MCM), the first framework that unifies MIM
and LIC end-to-end for extremely low-bitrate image compression. Extensive
experiments have demonstrated that our approach outperforms recent
state-of-the-art methods in R-D performance, visual quality, and downstream
applications, at very low bitrates. Our code is available at
https://github.com/lianqi1008/MCM.git.Comment: Under revie
Influence of Different Age Cutoff Points on the Prediction of Prognosis of Cancer Patients Receiving ICIs and Potential Mechanistic Exploration
Age is a potential predictive marker for the prognosis of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but the appropriate age cutoff point is still controversial. We aimed to explore the influence of different age cutoff points on the prediction of prognosis for patients receiving ICIs and explore the mechanism underlying the appropriate age cutoff point from the aspects of gene mutation and expression, immune cell infiltration and so on. We applied cutoff points of 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 years old to divide 1660 patients from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) immunotherapy cohort into older and younger groups and performed survival analysis of the six subgroups. The results showed that older patients had better survival than younger patients in accordance with the cutoff point of 50 years old [median overall survival (OS) (95% CI): 13.0 (10.5-15.5) months vs. 20.0 (16.7-23.3) months; p=0.002; unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI): 0.77 (0.65-0.91)], whereas no significant difference was observed with other cutoff points. Further analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the MSKCC immunotherapy cohort data showed that the tumor mutation burden (TMB), neoantigen load (NAL), DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathway mutation status, mutation frequencies of most genes (except IDH1, BRAF and ATRX), the expression of most immune-related genes and the degree of infiltration of most immune cells (such as CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages) were higher in the elderly group (aged ≥50 years)
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