PREF: Phasorial Embedding Fields for Compact Neural Representations

We present an efficient frequency-based neural representation termed PREF: a shallow MLP augmented with a phasor volume that covers significant border spectra than previous Fourier feature mapping or Positional Encoding. At the core is our compact 3D phasor volume where frequencies distribute uniformly along a 2D plane and dilate along a 1D axis. To this end, we develop a tailored and efficient Fourier transform that combines both Fast Fourier transform and local interpolation to accelerate na\"ive Fourier mapping. We also introduce a Parsvel regularizer that stables frequency-based learning. In these ways, Our PREF reduces the costly MLP in the frequency-based representation, thereby significantly closing the efficiency gap between it and other hybrid representations, and improving its interpretability. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our PREF is able to capture high-frequency details while remaining compact and robust, including 2D image generalization, 3D signed distance function regression and 5D neural radiance field reconstruction

Mip-Splatting: Alias-free 3D Gaussian Splatting

Recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting has demonstrated impressive novel view synthesis results, reaching high fidelity and efficiency. However, strong artifacts can be observed when changing the sampling rate, \eg, by changing focal length or camera distance. We find that the source for this phenomenon can be attributed to the lack of 3D frequency constraints and the usage of a 2D dilation filter. To address this problem, we introduce a 3D smoothing filter which constrains the size of the 3D Gaussian primitives based on the maximal sampling frequency induced by the input views, eliminating high-frequency artifacts when zooming in. Moreover, replacing 2D dilation with a 2D Mip filter, which simulates a 2D box filter, effectively mitigates aliasing and dilation issues. Our evaluation, including scenarios such a training on single-scale images and testing on multiple scales, validates the effectiveness of our approach.Comment: Project page: https://niujinshuchong.github.io/mip-splatting

CAVEAT ON THE ERROR ANALYSIS FOR STEREOLOGICAL ESTIMATES

It is frequently asked that how big a sample size, or how much measurement, is needed to achieve an accuratestereological estimate. The observed total error of a stereological estimate arises from individual difference (i.e. i ter-animal / organ difference or biological variation) and intra-individual variation (or the stereological error). Statistical methods for error analysis familiar to most biological researchers are based on independent random sampling, however systematic random sampling, which is usually more efficient, is almost always performed in practice. A number of methods for error analysis were utilized in a number of model and actual studies in this paper to demonstrate from a practical point of view the pros and cons of different error analytical methods. Assumption of independence for a systematic sampling will result in overestimation of the stereological error as shown by the studies. A simple and practical approach for error analysis as recommended in this paper is to divide the systematic sample from an organ into two systematic sub-samples, regard them as two independent sub-samples and then compare the difference between the two sub-sample means

The Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Glucose Metabolism and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 in Goto-Kakizaki Rats

Purpose. To investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on glucose metabolism and changes in glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Methods. GK rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: SG, SG pair-fed plus sham surgery (PF-sham), and ad libitum-fed no surgery (control). Food intake, body weight, blood glucose, GLP-1 and insulin levels, and GLP-1 expression in the jejunum and ileum were compared. Results. The SG rats exhibited lower postoperative food intake, body weight, and fasting glucose than did the control rats (P<0.05). SG significantly improved glucose and insulin tolerance (P<0.05). Plasma GLP-1 levels were higher in SG rats than in control or PF-sham rats in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P<0.05). Blood glucose levels expressed as a percentage of baseline were higher in SG rats than in control rats after exendin (9-39) administration (P<0.05). The levels of GLP-1 expression in the jejunum and ileum were higher in SG rats than in PF-sham and control rats (P<0.05). Conclusions. Improvement of glucose metabolism by SG was associated with increased GLP-1 secretion. SG contributes to an increase in plasma GLP-1 levels via increased GLP-1 expression in the mucosa of the jejunum and/or ileum

Therapeutic targeting of circ‐CUX1/EWSR1/MAZ axis inhibits glycolysis and neuroblastoma progression

Abstract Aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of metabolic reprogramming in tumor progression. However, the mechanisms regulating glycolytic gene expression remain elusive in neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial malignancy in childhood. Herein, we identify that CUT‐like homeobox 1 (CUX1) and CUX1‐generated circular RNA (circ‐CUX1) contribute to aerobic glycolysis and NB progression. Mechanistically, p110 CUX1, a transcription factor generated by proteolytic processing of p200 CUX1, promotes the expression of enolase 1, glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1, while circ‐CUX1 binds to EWS RNA‐binding protein 1 (EWSR1) to facilitate its interaction with MYC‐associated zinc finger protein (MAZ), resulting in transactivation of MAZ and transcriptional alteration of CUX1 and other genes associated with tumor progression. Administration of an inhibitory peptide blocking circ‐CUX1‐EWSR1 interaction or lentivirus mediating circ‐CUX1 knockdown suppresses aerobic glycolysis, growth, and aggressiveness of NB cells. In clinical NB cases, CUX1 is an independent prognostic factor for unfavorable outcome, and patients with high circ‐CUX1 expression have lower survival probability. These results indicate circ‐CUX1/EWSR1/MAZ axis as a therapeutic target for aerobic glycolysis and NB progression