The Effects of Physical Exercise on Spatial Learning and Serotonin Levels in the Brain of Adult Rats

Physical exercise can enhance tryptophan transport into the brain so that it will also increase serotonin levels in the brain. Therefore, it may influence many brain functions, such as learning and memory. This study aimed to determine the effect of physical exercise on spatial learning and serotonin levels in the brain of adult male Wistar rats. Biochemistry Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia was the study place which conducted in January–April 2013. Sixteen adult male rats randomly divided into two groups, the control group, and the treatment group. Physical exercise for the treatment group for four weeks using the animal treadmill at 15 m/min in speed for 15 minutes in the 1st week and 25 minutes for the next three weeks. Learning and memory test using water-E maze apparatus once a week. At the end of the exercised period, animals were sacrificed, and the brains were isolated. The measurement of serotonin and tryptophan levels was done using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that physical exercise improved animals performance in learning and memory test, exercised group made fewer errors at third and fourth week (p<0.05). Serotonin levels in the brain of exercised group was significantly higher than that in control group (p<0.05). These results indicated that the enhancement of serotonin levels in the brain induced by physical exercise is involved in improving spatial learning and memory.   PENGARUH LATIHAN FISIK TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BELAJAR SPASIAL DAN KADAR SEROTONIN PADA OTAK TIKUS DEWASA Latihan fisik diketahui dapat meningkatkan transpor triptofan melewati sawar otak sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadar serotonin di otak. Oleh karena itu, latihan fisik berperan memengaruhi berbagai fungsi otak termasuk proses belajar dan memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik dengan intensitas yang ringan terhadap kemampuan belajar spasial serta kadar serotonin pada otak tikus Wistar dewasa. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Biokimia, Departemen Biokimia & Biologi Molekuler, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta periode Januari–April 2013. Enam belas ekor tikus jantan dewasa dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Latihan fisik diberikan kepada kelompok perlakuan selama 4 minggu menggunakan animal treadmill dengan kecepatan 15 m/menit selama 15 menit pada minggu pertama dan 25 menit pada 3 minggu berikutnya. Uji belajar dan memori dengan perangkat water-E maze dilakukan satu kali/minggu. Setelah masa latihan fisik selesai, hewan coba dikorbankan dan jaringan otak diisolasi. Pengukuran kadar serotonin dan triptofan pada otak dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perlakuan lebih sedikit secara signifikan pada uji belajar dan memori ke-3 dan ke-4 (p<0,05). Kadar serotonin lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada otak kelompok perlakuan (p<0,05). Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kadar serotonin pada otak yang diinduksi oleh latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan terlibat dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori spasial

Clove Extract and Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion for Oral Diseases Therapy: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

The growth of micro-organisms that acquire resistance to most commercially available antibiotics is occurring rapidly. Consequently, a pressing necessity exists to identify and detect new antimicrobial substances. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion clove extract and grape seed oil. This research was conducted in June 2023 using experimental methods at the Research Laboratory of the Universitas Islam Bandung Pharmaceutical Study Program by developing a nanoemulsion preparation containing clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera L.). Antioxidant activity was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method by measuring the growth inhibitory diameter of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria and divided into four groups formulas based on the addition of clove extract with different concentrations in the nanoemulsion base (FA=0.25%, FB=0.5%, FC=0.75%, and FD=1%) to see the best results. The result shows nanoemulsion preparations have antioxidant properties in the DPPH test. The FA formula has the highest IC50, namely 1,117.56 ppm. The antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans has an inhibition zone, although it is still in the category of inhibiting bacterial growth, but does not kill growth. The nanoemulsion formulation, comprising clove extract and grape seed oil, has exhibited exceptional antioxidant properties and substantial antimicrobial efficacy against prevalent oral bacterial strains

<strong>Effectiveness of natural lip balm cinnamon <em>(Cinnamomum burmannii)</em> in accelerating the incision wound healing process in <em> rattus norvegicus </em> </strong>

ABSTRACT  Introduction: Cinnamomum burmannii is commonly used in the treatment and is thought to be an anti-inflammation medicinal herb that may hasten recovery. Lip wound healing is a critical need for aesthetic performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of natural lip balm C. Burmannii has been shown to speed up the healing of incision wounds in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This research was carried out in the laboratory biomedical Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung. In twenty-seven male rats weighing 200-300 g, a lip mucous incision of 10 mm length and 4 mm depth was surgically created. Simple random sampling was used to divide the animals into three treatment groups based on wound treatment after lip incision (The control group applied distillation water, the first group applied a lip balm placebo/base, and the second group applied natural lip balm C. burmannii) and then divided into three observation times (days 3rd, 7th, and14th). A lip biopsy was performed during each observation time to determine the success of the therapy. The macroscopic examination was carried out by counting the number of lip wounds that were closed around, while the microscopic examination was carried out by counting epithelialization with a Leica microscope and image raster software. Result: The length of the lip wound has greatly decreased in the C. Burmannii group with a p-value of 0,048 (p<0.05, and epithelialization was comparable across the board. Conclusion: The use of Cinnamomum burmannii natural lip balm is effective in accelerating lip wound healing by bringing the lip wound closer together. Effectiveness of Natural lip balm Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) in accelerating the incision wound healing process in Rattus norvegicus. Keywords: natural lip balm cinnamomum burmannii; wound closer; epithelializatio

Thirdhand Smoke Exposure Affects Mice Pancreas Microstructure

Cigarette residue toxins can accumulate in the body, including the pancreas, which potentially reduces pancreas function. In addition, the active compounds in cigarettes are reporting to interfere with an elevation of reactive oxygen species, leading to disruption of pancreatic microstructures. Furthermore, pancreatic cell dysfunction is responsible for developing diabetes mellitus disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of thirdhand smoke exposure on mice pancreatic microstructure image. It was an in vivo laboratory experimental study with a completely randomized design at the Medical Biology Laboratory of the Universitas Islam Bandung from November 2020–June 2021. The subjects were 20 adult male mice aged 8–10 weeks, weighing 25–30 grams, in good health condition, and randomly divided into two groups (control group and treatment group exposed to thirdhand cigarette smoke for four weeks). After the completion of the exposure period, pancreatic cells isolation was performing. The parameters observed in this study were the number and diameter islet of Langerhans. Data analysis used the independent t test parametric (α=5%). The results showed that the number and diameter islet of Langerhans in the treated group were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). The average number in the control group was 9.40±3.20, while in the treatment group was 4.90±2.74 (28% smaller). The average diameter of control was 225.96±50.15 mm, while treatment was 162±49.68 mm (50% lower). In conclusion, thirdhand smoke exposure alters the pancreas microstructure. The toxic compounds on thirdhand cigarette smoke are involving in generating an elevation of free radical levels, depletion of antioxidants, and alteration of signal transduction resulted in acceleration of apoptosis rate of the islet of Langerhans, especially pancreatic β-cells.   PENGARUH PAPARAN ASAP ROKOK TERSIER PADA GAMBARAN MIKROSTRUKTUR PANKREAS MENCIT Toksik residu rokok dapat terakumulasi pada tubuh, termasuk pankeas sehingga dapat menurunkan fungsi pankreas. Selain itu, senyawa aktif dalam rokok dilaporkan meningkatkan radikal bebas yang menyebabkan kerusakan mikrostruktur pankreas. Selanjutnya, disfungsi sel pankreas meningkatkan risiko diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh asap rokok tersier terhadap gambaran mikrostruktur pankreas mencit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorium in vivo dengan rancangan acak lengkap di Laboratorium Biologi Medik Universitas Islam Bandung periode November 2020–Juni 2021. Subjek penelitian adalah 20 mencit jantan dewasa berumur 8–10 minggu, bobot 25–30 gram, kondisi sehat, dan dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok (kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang mendapat paparan asap rokok tersier selama empat minggu). Setelah periode pemberian paparan selesai, dilakukan isolasi sel pankreas. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah dan diameter pulau Langerhans (islet of Langerhans). Analisis data menggunakan parametrik independent t test (α=5%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah dan diameter pulau Langerhans pada kelompok perlakuan lebih rendah dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Jumlah rerata pada kelompok kontrol adalah 9,40±3,20, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan 4,90±2,74 (lebih rendah 28%). Diameter rerata pada kelompok kontrol adalah 225,96±50,19 mm dan kelompok perlakuan 162,89±49.68 mm (lebih rendah 50%). Simpulan, paparan asap rokok tersier dapat memengaruhi gambaran mikrostruktur pankreas. Senyawa toksik pada asap rokok tersier diduga terlibat dalam peningkatan kadar radikal bebas, penurunan kadar antioksidan, dan perubahan transduksi sinyal yang mengakibatkan peningkatan laju apoptosis pulau Langerhans, terutama sel β pankreas