Antidiabetic Activity and Molecular Docking Analysis of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica) Grown on the Renewable Substrate

As part of the circular economy idea, rice straw without additives has been investigated as a way to turn agricultural waste into products with added value. The nutrients in the substrate, Calocybe indica yield, and biological effects were all calculated. In this investigation, the methanol extract was used. GCMS was examined to discover the necessary compounds present in fungi. A surplus of mushrooms was harvested, and it was discovered that the growth of mushrooms on the rice substrate took place in less than five days. At a humidity of 93%, biological efficiency was determined to be in the range of 54.5-130.9%. In vitro and molecular docking results for the antidiabetic showed good inhibitory properties. As a result, rice straw could be a productive and affordable growing medium for milky mushrooms

Association of Serum Copper Levels and Amine Oxidase Copper Gene 1 (AOC1) with Migraineurs

Migraine is a common neurovascular multifactorial disease with biochemical abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by episodes of frequent headaches, affecting about 14% of the world's population. Trace elements are essential to play an important role in neurotransmission and causing oxidative stress in patients with migraine. Also, it is hypothesized that Histamine (biogenic amine), catabolized by Diamine oxidase (DAO), induces a vascular headache. DAO contains Copper as a cofactor and is coded by the Amine oxidase copper containing 1 (AOC1) gene. This study aims to determine the level of serum copper (Cu), an association of the AOC1 gene and antioxidant capacity in migraine patients. In this study, a total number of 200 individuals (patients and controls) were equally distributed in each group according to demographic details obtained. The results obtained from this study were found to be significant to migraine. The frequency of T allele (rs10156191) in exon 4 AOC1 was 7.5% in migraineurs OR of 16.13; 95% CI- 0.63 to 47.97, and the p-value was observed to be 0.074. The mean concentration of Cu was found to be 0.09 ± 0.02 mg/L and 0.22 ± 0.10 mg/L in patients and controls, respectively. Antioxidant capacity of serum was found to be lower in patients (3 ± 1.2 μM ascorbic acid equivalents) when compared to controls (7 ± 0.9 μM ascorbic acid equivalents). Decreased Cu and a nonsynonymous of rs10156191 are associated with migraine, which may decrease in DAO activity. Further research, needs to be focused on the DAO activity that can determine the migraine-inducing effect

Plant-Microbe Interactions - Insights and Views for Applications in Sustainable Agriculture

The term “microbiome” refers to the association of plants with various microorganisms which play an important role in the niches they occupy. These microorganisms are found in the endosphere, phyllosphere, and rhizosphere, of host plants which are involved in plant ecology and physiology. The structure and dynamics of the plant microbiome have been significant seen in the last few years. In addition, the plant microbiome enhances the host plant with gene pools, which is referred to as the second plant genome or extended genome. Interestingly, the microbiome associated with plant roots has received unique attention in recent years due to its important role in host nutrition, immunity, and development. Prospective studies of the microbiome have been coupled with the need for more sustainable production for agriculture. On the other hand, various environmental factors are associated with plant-microbiome interactions that can affect composition and diversity. This review provides insights and views of plant microbiome for sustainable agriculture. Host factors that influence the microbial community, root-associated microbial consortium, commercial application, and limitation of plant microbiome were discussed. Also, this review provides current knowledge of the plant microbiome into potential biotechnology products that can be used in agricultural systems. Regardless, microbiome innovation represents the future of sustainable agriculture

Paddy straw: an economical substrate for oyster mushroom (

Cultivation of the Pleurotus ostreatus, oyster mushroom on paddy straw without supplements was investigated to follow circular economy concept to convert agricultural waste to value added products. Substrate nutrients, mushroom yield, and biological efficiency were determined. Three different extracts were used in this study (methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane). Antioxidant and scavenging activity was determined using DPPH and H2O2. To find the essential compounds present in the mushrooms, GC-MS was analyzed. It was found that mushroom growth on paddy substrate was less than five days with excess mushroom yield. The biological efficiency was found between 54.5-130.9%, with the moisture of 93%. It was found that C, P, N, and K were integrated into mushrooms with these elements than in the utilized substrate. In DPPH results, the minimum concentration was 37.07 μg/ml, and the maximum was 67.2 μg/ml. IC50 value of 42.6 μg/ml were 50% for inhibition concentration. In H2O2, the minimum concentration was found to be 72.57 μg/ml, and the maximum was 98.02 μg/ml. This concentration indicates that the IC50 value of 84.07 μg/ml can be used in the biological process or component by 50% for inhibition concentration. The compounds include Oxirane, 2-Methyl-3-(1-Methylethyl)-, O-Methylisourea Hydrogen Sulfate, Diethyl Phthalate, 1,1,3,3-Tetrapropoxy- were found commonly in all three extracts. Hence, analysis of mushroom extracts is needed to determine the mechanisms of action of the various components for antimicrobial activity and inhibitory activity. Therefore, paddy straw could be used as an effective and economical substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation

Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for production of biooil and by-products

In this chapter, the current state of the art for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of lignocellulosic biomass is discussed in detail. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the production of energy and chemicals due to its sustainability and abundance. In recent decades, extensive research has been applied to various thermochemical technologies to convert lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products. Among different technologies, HTL is considered to be one of the most effective methods for producing biofuels and bio-based chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. The primary by-products of the HTL process include (1) biooil, (2) biochar, (3) gas, and (4) aqueous crude. Currently, only a few HTL processes have been expanded from laboratory to industrial scale. The status of the studies on the HTL of lignocellulosic biomass is critically reviewed in this chapter. In particular, the effect of HTL on the biooil production from biomass has been discussed briefly. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Antidiabetic Activity and Molecular Docking Analysis of Milky Mushroom (

As part of the circular economy idea, rice straw without additives has been investigated as a way to turn agricultural waste into products with added value. The nutrients in the substrate, Calocybe indica yield, and biological effects were all calculated. In this investigation, the methanol extract was used. GCMS was examined to discover the necessary compounds present in fungi. A surplus of mushrooms was harvested, and it was discovered that the growth of mushrooms on the rice substrate took place in less than five days. At a humidity of 93%, biological efficiency was determined to be in the range of 54.5-130.9%. In vitro and molecular docking results for the antidiabetic showed good inhibitory properties. As a result, rice straw could be a productive and affordable growing medium for milky mushrooms