Targeted therapy with kinase inhibitors in aggressive endocrine tumors

Kinase inhibitors (KIs) are a class of anticancer drugs that inhibit activity of the enzymes protein kinases, which regulate crucial cellular processes and have a demonstrated role in human oncogenesis. Treatment of advanced forms of endocrine cancer which are not responsive to cytotoxic chemotherapies is challenging and use of KIs is gaining a growing role in this field

Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with neuroendocrine tumors

Liver metastases occur in 46-93% of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Presence and extension of liver metastases are considered important prognostic factors, as they may significantly impair the patient's quality of life, because of either tumor bulk or hormonal hypersecretion. Therapies for NEN liver metastases include surgical resection, liver transplantation, chemotherapy and biotherapy. Surgery is the gold standard for curative therapy, but in most of NEN patients with liver metastases, when surgery can not be applied, minimally invasive therapeutic approaches are adopted. They include trans-arterial embolization (TAE), trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiofrequency thermal ablation and new emerging techniques.TAE is based on selective infusion of particles in the branch of the hepatic artery supplying the tumor lesions. The goal of TAE is to occlude tumor blood vessels resulting in ischemia and necrosis. Many reports have shown that TAE can reduce tumor size and hormone output, resulting in palliation of symptoms without the use of cytotoxic drugs, resulting in better tolerability. This review will focus on TAE performance and safety in NEN patients with liver metastases