Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Milk Products

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection that mainly occurs in cloven-hooved animals including commercially important species such as cattle, sheep, goats, swine and (water) buffalo. The FMD virus (FMDV) can be shed by a variety of routes, including milk.1;2 FMDV can persist in milk products for some time, especially at refrigeration temperatures. This virus has been reported to survive in raw milk for 6 days at 18ºC and for 15 days at 4ºC.3 cited in 1 When the milk was pasteurized before adding FMDV, the virus was detected for 30-35 days at room temperature and 50 days at 4ºC. Terbruggen (1932) reported virus survival in milk for at least 12 hours at 37ºC, 25 hours at 17-20ºC and 12 days at 5ºC.1 In other experiments, it persisted in milk for up to 7 days at 7ºC, 5 days at 10ºC, 3 days at 15ºC or 42 hours at 20ºC.4 While FMDV in milk products seems to present a minimal risk to humans,5 products intended for human consumption (especially spoiled or outdated products) may be fed to animals. Other milk products may be manufactured for animal feed (e.g., whey used in calf milk replacer). Infected, nonpasteurized milk has been linked to FMD outbreaks;6-8 however, there are still uncertainties in the level of risk to animals fed pasteurized or processed milk products. This review summarizes information in the literature regarding the inactivation of FMDV in milk and milk products. Unless otherwise noted, all references to milk products refer to milk from cattle

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases, Appendix A: Foot-and-Mouth Disease

This Appendix is intended to provide relevant information for federal and state officials and other interested parties who will participate in making decisions related to use of vaccine as an aid to control an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the U.S. The following topics are presented and discussed: Important characteristics of FMD: Characteristics of vaccines; Strategies for vaccine use; Various factors that must be considered when designing an effective vaccination program. The USDA-APHIS has a separate document, FMD Response Plan: The Red Book, which identifies the capabilities needed to respond to an FMD outbreak in the United States as well as identifying all the critical activities involved in responding with the corresponding time-frames. Please refer to that document for those specific details

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases, Appendix C: Vaccination for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza

This Appendix is intended to provide relevant information for federal and state officials and other interested parties who will participate in making decisions related to vaccination as an aid in controlling an HPAI outbreak in the U.S. The following topics are presented and discussed: Important characteristics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI); Characteristics of vaccines; Strategies for vaccine use; Various factors that must be considered when designing an effective vaccination program. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services (VS) has a separate document, HPAI Response Plan: The Red Book that identifies the capabilities needed to respond to an HPAI outbreak in the United States as well as identifying all the critical activities involved in responding with the corresponding time-frames. Please refer to that document for those specific details

Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: Modes of Action and Adverse Effects

Vaccine adjuvants are chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens. Interest in reducing vaccine-related adverse effects and inducing specific types of immunity has led to the development of numerous new adjuvants. Adjuvants in development or in experimental and commercial vaccines include aluminum salts (alum), oil emulsions, saponins, immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), liposomes, microparticles, nonionic block copolymers, deriv-atized polysaccharides, cytokines, and a wide variety of bacterial derivatives. The mechanisms of action of these diverse compounds vary, as does their induction of cell-mediated and antibody responses. Factors influencing the selection of an adjuvant include animal species, specific pathogen, vaccine antigen, route of immunization, and type of immunity needed

FMD Vaccine Surge Capacity for Emergency Use in the United States

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) presents the greatest economic threat to U.S. animal agriculture and is viewed as the most important transboundary animal disease in the world. An outbreak of FMD in the U.S. would have a devastating impact on the U.S. economy extending far beyond animal agriculture. The structure of modern animal agriculture in the U.S., including extremely large herds and extensive intraand inter‐state movement of animals and animal products will make it nearly impossible to control an FMD outbreak in livestock dense areas without the rapid use of tens of millions of doses of FMD vaccine. The amount of antigen in the North American FMD Vaccine Bank is far below what would be needed to provide vaccine for a single livestock dense state. It would take many months to produce/obtain the volume of vaccine needed. Without sufficient vaccine to aid in the response, FMD could rapidly spread across the U.S., resulting in the destruction and disposal of potentially millions of animals, and become an endemic disease in livestock with spread potentially facilitated by deer, feral swine or other freeliving animals. It would then require a much more extensive control program and could take many years to eradicate. Agriculture is critical infrastructure in the U.S. and cash receipts for livestock and poultry often exceed $100 billion per year. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a plan to ensure that adequate supplies of FMD vaccine with multiple strains of FMD virus are rapidly available in the event of an accidental or intentional introduction of FMD virus into the U.S. This white paper is part of an effort by the private sector stakeholder community to work with the Secretaries of Agriculture and Homeland Security as directed in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 to develop a National Veterinary Stockpile (NVS) with sufficient quantities of FMD vaccine to protect U.S. agriculture, food systems, and the economy

Descriptions of Recent Incursions of Exotic Animal Diseases

This overview describes recent incursion of exotic animal diseases. Important lessons can be learned from these examples. U.S. agriculture is very vulnerable to the introduction of a foreign animal disease. Outbreaks can occur when a pathogen is inadvertently introduced in contaminated material carried by an international traveler, or in imported animals or animal products. Foreign animal diseases could enter the U.S. vectored by wild animals, insects , or migratory birds or they could be intentionally introduced to cause severe economic problems or to target human health. Descriptions of recent outbreaks of foreign animal disease in various countries and the impact they had are presented here to raise understanding of the importance of these diseases and their detection, prevention, and control

Descriptions of Recent Incursions of Exotic Animal Diseases

Historically, livestock and poultry diseases have been introduced into new areas by the uncontrolled importation of animals and trade (including smuggling), through the movements of people and wildlife, and by vectors. Some diseases spread widely in the past. Rinderpest or “cattle plague,” for example, devastated farms as it was transported across continents by invading armies and their cattle, as well as by trade, the development of railways, and other factors. Other pathogens remained fairly localized for various reasons. Most of the parasites that cause African animal trypanosomiasis, for instance, must be transmitted by tsetse flies, and these insects have not become established outside the “tsetse fly belt” of Africa. As livestock production became more sophisticated, countries with sufficient resources set up border controls and surveillance to prevent the introduction of new diseases. Many nations have also eradicated serious diseases such as classical swine fever, highly virulent Newcastle disease, foot and mouth disease, glanders, and bovine babesiosis. However, some countries do not have the resources or the veterinary infrastructure for such efforts. In these areas, diseases that are exotic to the rest of the world remain a persistent problem, causing illness and deaths among animals, loss of productivity, and in some cases, human disease. Through international travel, livestock trade, and other routes, such agents can be accidentally reintroduced to nations that have become disease free

Manuelle Rotation bei hinterer Hinterhauptseinstellung : erfolgreich zur Spontangeburt?

Darstellung des Themas: In der Literatur wird die occipito-posteriore Position als häufigste Fehleinstellung unter der Geburt beschrieben. Dabei besteht ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine operative Geburtsbeendigung. Als Alternative für eine operative Geburtsbeendigung wird die manuelle Rotation als mögliches Manöver zur Förderung einer Spontangeburt beschrieben. Aufgrund der steigenden operativen Geburtenrate in der Schweiz sehen die Hebammen die Aufgabe, den Fokus wieder auf die spontane Geburt zu richten. Ziel: Das Ziel ist, die Auswirkung einer manuellen Rotation bei einer occipito-posterioren Position bei vollständig eröffnetem Muttermund auf den Geburtsmodus darzustellen. Methode: Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wird auf verschiedenen Datenbanken nach relevanter Literatur gesucht. Vier Studien werden nach vorher definierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien ausgewählt, analysiert und kritisch diskutiert. Zum Vergleich wird weitere Fachliteratur hinzugezogen. Ergebnisse: Die Studien, welche für diese Arbeit verwendet werden, zeigen keine einheitlichen Ergebnisse. Während drei einen positiven Effekt beschreiben, was die Senkung der operativen Geburtenrate bei Anwendung einer manuellen Rotation betrifft, zeigt das verwendete Review keinen Einfluss. Schlussfolgerung: Die Anwendung der manuellen Rotation ist aktuell mit zu wenig Evidenzen belegt. Es kann daher keine generalisierte Aussage bezüglich der Wirksamkeit gemacht werden. Demzufolge ist weitere Forschung zu dieser Thematik nötig

Optimal Use of Vaccines for Control of Influenza A Virus in Swine

Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is one of the most important infectious disease agents of swine in North America. In addition to the economic burden of IAV-S to the swine industry, the zoonotic potential of IAV-S sometimes leads to serious public health concerns. Adjuvanted, inactivated vaccines have been licensed in the United States for over 20 years, and there is also widespread usage of autogenous/custom IAV-S vaccines. Vaccination induces neutralizing antibodies and protection against infection with very similar strains. However, IAV-S strains are so diverse and prone to mutation that these vaccines often have disappointing efficacy in the field. This scientific review was developed to help veterinarians and others to identify the best available IAV-S vaccine for a particular infected herd. We describe key principles of IAV-S structure and replication, protective immunity, currently available vaccines, and vaccine technologies that show promise for the future. We discuss strategies to optimize the use of available IAV-S vaccines, based on information gathered from modern diagnostics and surveillance programs. Improvements in IAV-S immunization strategies, in both the short term and long term, will benefit swine health and productivity and potentially reduce risks to public health

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases

Preparing for and responding to foreign animal diseases (FADs)—such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)—are critical actions to safeguard the nation’s animal health, food system, public health, environment, and economy. FAD PReP, or the Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan, prepares for such events. Studies have estimated a likely national welfare loss between $2.3–69 billion1 for an FMD outbreak in California, depending on delay in diagnosing the disease.2 The economic impact would result from lost international trade and disrupted interstate trade, as well as from costs directly associated with the eradication effort, such as depopulation, indemnity, carcass disposal, and cleaning and disinfection. In addition, there would be direct and indirect costs related to foregone production, unemployment, and losses in related businesses. The social and psychological impact on owners and growers would be severe. Zoonotic diseases, such as HPAI and Nipah/Hendra may also pose a threat to public health