SPADES Application Development and Production Forecast Based on Drainage Volume Formulation

Unconventional resources have recently gained significant momentum in the industry while the scientific understanding of these resources are primarily under research. Due to the large scale of activities with hundreds of wells drilled, significant optimization to improve efficiency is carried out by Data driven technologies. These resources require detailed understanding like hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling in order to understand the productivity of a well. To understand the complex fracture geometry, we develop the asymptotic solution of the diffusivity equation. This work builds on the research by Zhenzhen Wang (Wang, 2018) and Andrew Malone (Malone, King, & Wang, 2019), and implements the time evolution of the w(τ) function, which characterizes the flow geometry of the transient drainage volume. It allows us to identify linear flow, onset of fracture interference, matrix permeability, fracture half length, fracture surface area and the volume of SRV. A software (SPADES) was developed on a Python-Excel platform. The application uses Python based scientific libraries and an Excel bases user-interface to calculate the diagnostic plots. The application implements Outlier and Noise removal algorithm, and also automates the tuning parameters. Production forecast based on the transient solution of the drainage volume formulation and is an analytical solution based on the reservoir properties. Reservoir properties like matrix permeability, fracture half length, hydraulic diffusivity is determined from the w(τ) function. The forecast is based on an elliptical drainage model where the w(τ) function extrapolated up to the expected reservoir volume. This technique may be used to forecast the pressure–production performance, EUR, UR and productivity index. We demonstrate the technique on a finite element simulator and an Eagle Ford well using a production rate history match and flowing material balance. Further, sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the parameters affecting this analytic technique. The SPADES application may be used by Exploration & Production companies to understand the behaviour of their wells and select refracturing candidates, while the production forecast can be a reliable source of forecast for reserve booking and economic analysis

Modeling net energy balance of ethanol production from native warm season grasses

There has been an increasing interest in the use of perennial grasses as potential feedstock for ethanol production. The characteristics which make perennial grasses attractive for bioenergy feedstock development initiative are their high yield potential and the high contents of lignin and cellulose. The objective of the study is to model energy input and output and simulate Net Energy Value (NEV) of producing ethanol from native warm season grasses. According to simulated results, the mean NEV of ethanol production from native warm season grasses considered in the analysis was positive. Mean NEV for switchgrass and eastern gammagrass was higher compared to Indiangrass and big bluestem. Although the probability of having positive NEV is high, there is a risk of having negative energy balance under low output scenarios

Modelling the Pedestrian Speed at Signalised Intersection Crosswalks for Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

Pedestrian crossing speed is the key element in the design of pedestrian facilities. It depends on various attributes related to road, traffic and pedestrians. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore the variation, examine the influencing factors and formulate a model for the pedestrian crossing speed at signalised intersection crosswalks. The data have been collected using video graphic technique at 16 signalised crosswalks of the Chandigarh city. The findings reveal that a 15th percentile crossing speed (1.11-1.31 m/s) exceeds the design crossing speed of 0.95 m/s. It is also higher than the crossing speed of 1.2 m/s, usually being prescribed and adopted in the developed countries. The statistical analysis indicates no significant difference in the percentile crossing speeds between males and females. However, the variation exists among different age groups, group sizes, and crossing patterns. The correlation analysis depicts that the pedestrian crossing speed has significant negative correlation with the crosswalk width, the crosswalk length, the width of the pedestrian island, the classification of road, average traffic flow and average pedestrian delay, whereas the availability of separate bicycle paths at intersections is positively correlated. Furthermore, the stepwise regression model with 70.1 percent accuracy reveals that the crosswalk width, the width of the pedestrian island and the average pedestrian delay play a predominant role in determining the pedestrian crossing speed. The authors propose the usage of the developed model for setting out the standards for the appropriate design crossing speed for different crosswalks having similar geometric and traffic conditions as that of the study area.</p

Pedestrian Safety on Crosswalks in India - Need of the Hour

A paradigm shift has been observed from ‘moving of vehicles’ to ‘moving of persons’ while planning for transportation facilities in cities. Provision of integrated and barrier free pedestrian facilities is essential to ensure inclusive mobility. Pedestrian facilities are a critical component in producing a pedestrianfriendly environment. In India, the present facilities provided for the pedestrians are not efficient in general and crosswalks (zebra crossings) in particular. The pedestrian casualties in India have registered an increase of 11.7 percent in the year 2017, of which 31 percent have occurred on crosswalks. Therefore, an attempt has been made to overview the level of safety provided on the crosswalks. It has been found that majority of crosswalks are not fulfilling their intended purposes due to improper signage and markings, inadequate maintenance and bad surface condition. Another significant reason hampering the safety of pedestrians at crosswalks has been found to be inappropriate provision of guardrails and pedestrian refuge islands. Hence, some measures have been suggested to augment the pedestrian safety on the crosswalks

Excipients used in lyophilization of small molecules

This review deals with the excipients used in various lyophilized formulations of small molecules. Role of excipients like bulking agent, buffering agent, tonicity modifier, antimicrobial agents, surfactants and co-solvents has been discussed. Also, a decision making process for their incorporation into the formulation matrix has been proposed. A list of ingredients used in lyophilized formulations marketed in USA has been created based on survey of physician desk reference (PDR) and the handbook on injectable drugs. Information on the recommended quantities of various excipients has been provided, based on the details given in the Inactive Ingredient Guide (IIG)

A study on prevalence of metabolic syndrome in general population in Western Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: A global transition in the disease pattern has been observed, where the relative impact of infectious disease is decreasing while chronic disease like cardiovascular disease and diabetes are increasingly dominating the disease pattern. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex web of metabolic factors that are associated with a 2-fold increased risk of CVD and 5-fold risk of diabetes.Methods: A total of 350 patients were included and a cross sectional study was conducted to identify metabolic syndrome prevalence and to evaluate risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome.Results: 48% of participants were male and 52% were female our results showed a BMI of 22.11±3.57 in male and 22.16±2.82 in females. The overall prevalence of overweight was 31%. This study also showed significantly higher rate of metabolic syndrome in older age group i.e. 9.38% in age group of 30-39 years and 26.98% in 60-70 age group. Proportionally more subjects with MetS (74%) have sedentary life style as compared to those without MetS (54%).Conclusions: The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome varies among ethnic groups. Indians are at high risk for ASCVD and their predisposition. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity was one of the major driving force in the development of MetS

A Review on Multi-Focus Image Fusion

Image fusion is a process to collect the information of the images of the same scene from the different images with a focus on different objects. The Multi-focus image performs a vital role in image process and visual applications. The multi-focus image fusion could be a technique seeks to provide an effective activity level measurement to produce the clarity of source images. It finds application in various fields such as remote sensing, optical microscopy, medical diagnostics, forensic and defense departments. This paper presents totally different multi-focus image fusion techniques in spatial and frequency domain

A Review on Multimodal Medical Image Fusion

Algorithms and devices of multimodal medical image fusion have shown notable achievements in raising the clinical accuracy of decisions based on medical images. In this paper procedure for multi modal medical image fusion and applications of medical imaging modalities have been described .The fusion of medical images has established to be helpful for the treatment of various diseases