Irrigation requirements and potentials of agricultural crops in northern Croatia

U Republici Hrvatskoj navodnjava se oko 11.700 ha poljoprivrednih površina i nalazi se na jednom od posljednjih mjesta u Europi. Učestalost pojave suša posljednjih godina utjecala je na mišljenje javnosti o potrebi navodnjavanja. Stoga je Vlada pokrenula projekt navodnjavanja pod naslovom «Nacionalni projekt navodnjavanja i gospodarenja poljoprivrednim zemljištem i vodama u RH», koji bi se trebao realizirati u tri etape. U dio navedenog projekta uključen je i ovaj rad, koji je imao cilj za dva vremenska razdoblja (1961-2003 i 1994-2003) utvrditi sljedeće: Utvrditi evapotranspiraciju kultura (potrebnu količinu vode), utvrditi manjak vode u tlu i odrediti kakvoću vode za navodnjavanje. U radu su korišteni klimatski podaci meteorološke postaje Đurđevac, za razdoblje od 1961. do 2003., osim insolacije, koja je korištena s meteorološke postaje Osijek. Referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) izračunata je metodom Penman-Montheitha, efektivne oborine metodom USBR (US Berau Recla-mation), a evapotranspiracija kulture (ETc) izračunata je iz odnosa ETo i koefici-jenta kulture (kc), uvažavajući različite stadije razvoja kulture. Bilanca vode u lesiviranom tlu za svaku kulturu izračunata je prema metodi Palmera (korigiranoj i kalibriranoj prema Vidačeku, 1981) za dvije različite dubine (do 0.1 m i 0.1-1,0 m). Istraživano tlo je imalo sljedeće značajke: praškasto glinasto ilovasta tekstura, poljski vodni kapacitet (Pkv)=360 mm i točka venuća (Tv)=160 mm. U razmatranju su bile sljedeće kulture: duhan, soja, suncokret, šećerna repa, kupus, kelj, paprika krastavci i rajčica. Za obradu podataka korišten je kompjutorski program «Cropwat». Kakvoća vode za navodnjavanje određivana je za vodotok Županijski kanal, uzorci vode su uzimani na vodomjernoj postaji Kapinci (područje Virovitičko-podravske županije), u razdoblju od 1983. do 2003. godine. Ocjena kakvoće vode načinjena je za svaku godinu prema Uredbi o klasifikaciji voda (NN 77/98). U pojedinačnim pokazateljima kakvoće vodotoka obrađivani su koncentracija kisika, zasićenje kisikom, KPK (kemijska potrošnja kisika), BPK5 (biokemijska potrošnja kisika). Od hranjivih tvari obrađeni su amonij i nitriti, od mikrobioloških pokazatelja ocjena kakvoće obavljena je prema ukupnim koliformnim bakterijama i broju aerobnih bakterija, te prema PB (Pantle-Buck) indeksu saprobnosti. Utvrđeni rezultati pokazuju da se kod svih kultura povećala potreba za vodom (evapotranspiracija) u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja (1994 do 2003 godine), u odnosu na razdoblje od 1961 do 2003 godine. Prosječno povećana potreba za vodom svih praćenih kultura iznosila je 22 mm. Isto tako je utvrđen povećani manjak vode u tlu, koji je prosječno iznosio 8.9 mm. Kakvoća vode u vodotoku Županijski kanal od 21 godine praćenja, 11 godina je bila iznad treće vrste po skupnim pokazateljima. Temeljem utvrđenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su klimatske promjene u posljednjem razdoblju istraživanja prouzročile povećanu potrebu uzgajanih kultura za vodom, a time i povećani manjak vode u tlu, odnosno potrebu osiguranja veće količine zadovoljavajuće vode za navodnjavanje.With only 11,700 ha of irrigated agricultural areas, the Republic of Croatia holds one of the last positions in Europe. Frequent droughts in recent years influenced the public opinion regarding irrigation demands. For this reason, the Government started the «National project of irrigation and management of agricultural land and waters», which will be implemented in three stages. This study was included into a part of the said project. The aims of the study were to determine crop evapotranspiration (required amount of water), soil water deficit and quality of irrigation water for two time periods (1961-2003 and 1994-2003). Climatic data of the meteorological station Đurđevac for the period 1961-2003 were used, except for insolation data, which were taken from the meteorological station Osijek. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method, effective precipitation by the USBR method, while crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated from the relation of ETo and the crop coefficient (cc), taking account of different stages of crop development. Soil water balance (water deficit) for each crop was calculated using the Palmer method (corrected and calibrated according to Vidaček, 1981) for two depth (till 0.1 m and 0.1 m-1.0 m). The studied soil had the following characteristics: silty clay-loam texture, field water capacity (Fwc)=360 mm and wilting point (Wp)=160 mm. The following crops were studied: tobacco, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, cabbage kale, pepper, cucumber and tomato. Data were processed with the aid of the «Cropwat» computer program. Quality of irrigation water for the County Canal watercourse was assessed; water samples were taken at the water gauge station Kapinci in the period from 1983 to 2003. Water quality score was calculated for each year pursuant to the Water Classification Directive. The following individual watercourse quality indicators were analyzed: oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, COD and BOD5. Of nutritious substances ammonium and nitrites were analyzed, while among microbiological indicators quality score was based on total coliform bacteria and the number of aerobic bacteria, as well as on the Pantle-Buck saporbic index. The results show increased water requirements (evapotranspiration) of all crops in the last investigation period (1994 to 2003) compared to the period from 1961 to 2003. Average increase in water requirement of all monitored crops was 22 mm. Increased soil water deficit was also recorded, amounting on average to 8.9 mm. Water quality in the County Canal watercourse was monitored for 21 years, in 11 years of which it exceeded the third quality class according to group indicators. The results allow the conclusion that climatic changes in the last investigation period caused increased water requirements of the crops grown, and thereby also higher water deficit in soil and the demand for providing larger quantities of suitable irrigation water

Promjene nekih karakteristika sumporne termalne vode zbog kloriranja

Positive and negative effects of water chlorination and aeration were examined in samples of sulphuric thermal water from rehabilitation pools. Although chlorination considerably improved the microbiological quality of the water, it caused various negative physical and chemical changes. Aeration caused loss ot hydrogen sulphide and production of colloidal sulphur (milky turbidity), whereas chlorination developed a yellowish-reddish-brown colouring depending on chlorine dosage, and also provoked the disappearance of sulphides. It is concluded that sulphuric thermal water should not be chlorinated because of elimination, through chlorination, of therapeutically active compounds causing organoleptic changes that are subject to complaints from patients.Ispitivani su regativni i pozitivni učinci kloriranja i aeracije vode u sumpornoj termalnoj vodi u bazenima za refiabilltaclju. Znatno poboljšanje mikrobiološke kvalitete vode zbog kloriranja vode dovelo je do negativnih fizikalno-kemijskih promjena vode. Zbog aeracije gubi se sumporovodik i izlučuje koloidni sumpor (mliječna mutnoća), a zbog kloriranja javlja se žuckasta, crvenkasta do smeđa obojenost ovisno o dozi klora, a također nestaju sulfidi. Kloriranje termalne sumporne vode ne bi trebalo provoditi jer se iz vode eliminiraju terapijski aktivni spojevi i dolazi do organoleptičkih promjena na koje se pacijenti žale

Wholesomeness, nutritional and market value of liquid fermented dairy products

Fermentirani mliječni proizvodi općenito se smatraju zdravim i visokovrijednim namirnicama u prehrani svih kategorija pučanstva, u prevenciji i liječenju različitih bolesti. Sve veća ponuda tradicionalnih, oplemenjenih i novih vrsta jogurta i sličnih proizvoda, njihova prehrambena i tržišna vrijednost, "funkcionalna" i probiotička svojstva u novije vrijeme privlače posebnu pozornost gospodarstva i šire stručne javnosti. Žive bakterije mliječne kiseline koje se unose u organizam s fermentiranim mliječnim proizvodima povoljno djeluju na obnavljanje zdravstveno povoljne crijevne mikroflore. Udjel fermentiranih mliječnih proizvoda u prehrani domaćeg pučanstva ne zadovoljava. Jamstvo veće potrošnje je u sustavnom isticanju njihove vrijednosti u prehrani ciljnih skupina potrošača (djeca, starci, studenti, intelektualni djelatnici i dr.). Prednosti veće potrošnje obogaćenih proizvoda (voćni jogurt, proizvodi s dodacima žita, vitamina i mineralnih tvari, uporaba probiotičkih kultura i dr.) i u njihovoj djelotvornoj komercijalizaciji.Fermented dairy products are generally considered as healthy and of high nutritional value for all segments of population and very useful in prevention of different deseases. More extensive offer of traditional and new varieties of yoghurt and similar products, their nutritive and market value, "functional" and probiotic properties have recently been attracting special attention of the economy and broader professional public. Viable acid lactic bacteria that are brought into organism with fermented dairy products have favourable effect on healthy intestine microflora regeneration. The quantity of fermented dairy products in domestic population\u27s nutrition is unsatisfactory. Increasing consumption of such products could be achieved through systematic stressing of their value in nutrition of specific consumer groups (ie. children, elderly people, students, intellectuals etc.), advantages of increased consumption of fortified products (fruit-yoghurt, products with added cereals, vitamins and minerals, use of probiotic cultures etc.) and in their more effective commercialisation

Wholesomeness, nutritional and market value of liquid fermented dairy products

Fermentirani mliječni proizvodi općenito se smatraju zdravim i visokovrijednim namirnicama u prehrani svih kategorija pučanstva, u prevenciji i liječenju različitih bolesti. Sve veća ponuda tradicionalnih, oplemenjenih i novih vrsta jogurta i sličnih proizvoda, njihova prehrambena i tržišna vrijednost, "funkcionalna" i probiotička svojstva u novije vrijeme privlače posebnu pozornost gospodarstva i šire stručne javnosti. Žive bakterije mliječne kiseline koje se unose u organizam s fermentiranim mliječnim proizvodima povoljno djeluju na obnavljanje zdravstveno povoljne crijevne mikroflore. Udjel fermentiranih mliječnih proizvoda u prehrani domaćeg pučanstva ne zadovoljava. Jamstvo veće potrošnje je u sustavnom isticanju njihove vrijednosti u prehrani ciljnih skupina potrošača (djeca, starci, studenti, intelektualni djelatnici i dr.). Prednosti veće potrošnje obogaćenih proizvoda (voćni jogurt, proizvodi s dodacima žita, vitamina i mineralnih tvari, uporaba probiotičkih kultura i dr.) i u njihovoj djelotvornoj komercijalizaciji.Fermented dairy products are generally considered as healthy and of high nutritional value for all segments of population and very useful in prevention of different deseases. More extensive offer of traditional and new varieties of yoghurt and similar products, their nutritive and market value, "functional" and probiotic properties have recently been attracting special attention of the economy and broader professional public. Viable acid lactic bacteria that are brought into organism with fermented dairy products have favourable effect on healthy intestine microflora regeneration. The quantity of fermented dairy products in domestic population\u27s nutrition is unsatisfactory. Increasing consumption of such products could be achieved through systematic stressing of their value in nutrition of specific consumer groups (ie. children, elderly people, students, intellectuals etc.), advantages of increased consumption of fortified products (fruit-yoghurt, products with added cereals, vitamins and minerals, use of probiotic cultures etc.) and in their more effective commercialisation

NITRATE CONCENTRATION MONITORING IN THE WATER SUPPLIED BY KOPRIVNICA WATERWORKS

Vitalni ekološko-epidemiološki interes stanovnika Koprivničko-križevačke županije je očuvanje kvalitetne podzemne vode na području vodozahvata crpilišta Ivanščak o kojem ovisi opskrba preko 12.000 potrošača. Najveća prijetnja osjetljivom prvom vodonosnom sloju je ispiranje gnojiva i pesticida neracionalno korištenih na obližnjim obradivim površinama. U radu su statistički obrađeni podaci o kretanjima koncentracije nitrata od 1985. do 2004. godine, te su potom uspoređeni s rezultatima novijih analiza u razdoblju od 2005. do 2008. godine. Ohrabrujuće je da podzemna voda na crpilištu Ivanščak kontinuirano zadovoljava kriterije pitke vode, pa nije potrebna njezina prerada prije upuštanja u distribucijski sustav. Unatoč tome zabrinjava kretanje koncentracije nitrata u vodi koja je do početka tisućljeća (2001. godine 28,05 mg/l NO3-) u odnosu na prva dostupna mjerenja iz 1985. godine (10,81 mg/l NO3-) porasla gotovo 160%. Značajno je da se zadnjih 7-8 godina koncentracija nitrata na crpilištu Ivanščak približno ustalila na 27–28 mg/l NO3 što su vrijednosti koje odredbama hrvatskog Pravilnika ne predstavljaju toksikološki, a time ni javnozdravstveni problem. Budući oprez je nužan jer su one ipak iznad preporučenih vrijednosti u EU (25 mg/l), što uključuje potrebu za sustavnom kontrolom poljoprivredne proizvodnje na što obvezuje i direktiva EU (91/676/EEC).It is of vital importance that environment and health of the inhabitants of Koprivnica-Križevci County is protected by preserving the quality of underground water in the Ivanščak water pumping zone supplying drinking water to over 12,000 consumers. The greatest threats to the vulnerable first water-carrying layer are fertilisers and pesticides extensively used on nearby agricultural land. The paper presents statistical data on nitrate concentrations from 1985 to 2004. These are compared with the results of more recent studies conducted between 2005 and 2008. It is encouraging that drinking water at the Ivanščak water pumping station has steadily proved to be of satisfactory quality not requiring processing prior to pumping into the waterworks distribution system. However, despite these optimistic figures it is a matter of concern that nitrate concentrations in drinking water in 2001 were 28,05 mg/l NO3, whereas the first available measurements from 1985 showed only 10,81 mg/l NO3, representing an almost 160% increase. Significantly, in the past seven or eight years nitrate concentrations at Ivanščak water pumping station have remained steadily at approximately 27–28 mg/l NO3. These values, according to Croatian regulations, do not represent a toxicological and, consequently, a public health threat. Future caution is needed as these values are above those recommended by the EU (25 mg/l). Permanent and systematic control of agricultural activities is required in compliance with the relevant EU Directive (91/676/EEC)

NITRATE CONCENTRATION MONITORING IN THE WATER SUPPLIED BY KOPRIVNICA WATERWORKS

Vitalni ekološko-epidemiološki interes stanovnika Koprivničko-križevačke županije je očuvanje kvalitetne podzemne vode na području vodozahvata crpilišta Ivanščak o kojem ovisi opskrba preko 12.000 potrošača. Najveća prijetnja osjetljivom prvom vodonosnom sloju je ispiranje gnojiva i pesticida neracionalno korištenih na obližnjim obradivim površinama. U radu su statistički obrađeni podaci o kretanjima koncentracije nitrata od 1985. do 2004. godine, te su potom uspoređeni s rezultatima novijih analiza u razdoblju od 2005. do 2008. godine. Ohrabrujuće je da podzemna voda na crpilištu Ivanščak kontinuirano zadovoljava kriterije pitke vode, pa nije potrebna njezina prerada prije upuštanja u distribucijski sustav. Unatoč tome zabrinjava kretanje koncentracije nitrata u vodi koja je do početka tisućljeća (2001. godine 28,05 mg/l NO3-) u odnosu na prva dostupna mjerenja iz 1985. godine (10,81 mg/l NO3-) porasla gotovo 160%. Značajno je da se zadnjih 7-8 godina koncentracija nitrata na crpilištu Ivanščak približno ustalila na 27–28 mg/l NO3 što su vrijednosti koje odredbama hrvatskog Pravilnika ne predstavljaju toksikološki, a time ni javnozdravstveni problem. Budući oprez je nužan jer su one ipak iznad preporučenih vrijednosti u EU (25 mg/l), što uključuje potrebu za sustavnom kontrolom poljoprivredne proizvodnje na što obvezuje i direktiva EU (91/676/EEC).It is of vital importance that environment and health of the inhabitants of Koprivnica-Križevci County is protected by preserving the quality of underground water in the Ivanščak water pumping zone supplying drinking water to over 12,000 consumers. The greatest threats to the vulnerable first water-carrying layer are fertilisers and pesticides extensively used on nearby agricultural land. The paper presents statistical data on nitrate concentrations from 1985 to 2004. These are compared with the results of more recent studies conducted between 2005 and 2008. It is encouraging that drinking water at the Ivanščak water pumping station has steadily proved to be of satisfactory quality not requiring processing prior to pumping into the waterworks distribution system. However, despite these optimistic figures it is a matter of concern that nitrate concentrations in drinking water in 2001 were 28,05 mg/l NO3, whereas the first available measurements from 1985 showed only 10,81 mg/l NO3, representing an almost 160% increase. Significantly, in the past seven or eight years nitrate concentrations at Ivanščak water pumping station have remained steadily at approximately 27–28 mg/l NO3. These values, according to Croatian regulations, do not represent a toxicological and, consequently, a public health threat. Future caution is needed as these values are above those recommended by the EU (25 mg/l). Permanent and systematic control of agricultural activities is required in compliance with the relevant EU Directive (91/676/EEC)

LIGHTING IN ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY WORK ENVIRONMENT

U radu je istražen problem rasvjete radnih mjesta u aluminijskoj industriji. U tu svrhu primijenjeni su rezultati obveznih periodičkih mjerenja fizikalnih čimbenika na radnim mjestima u radnim prostorima tvornice. Razina osvijetljenosti mjerena je bez prisutnosti dnevnog svjetla. Izmjerene vrijednosti uspoređivane su s minimalno dopuštenim vrijednostima prema postojećem Standardu. Najveći broj radnih mjesta ima mali vidni zahtjev, njih 97 (61.4%) dok je 61 (38.6%) sa srednjim vidnim zahtjevom. Intenzitet osvijetljenosti niži od propisane vrijednosti izmjeren je na 56 (33.9%) radnih mjesta: na 39 (69.6%) s malim vidnim zahtjevom i na 17 (30.4%) sa srednjim vidnim zahtjevom. Najveći broj radnih mjesta gdje razina osvijetljenosti ne zadovoljava minimalne uvjete izmjeren je u pogonu Anoda (48.9%). U tom je pogonu i najveći broj radnih mjesta s malim vidnim zahtjevima, više od 60%. Loša rasvjeta izmjerena je i u pogonu Ljevaonica (39.1%). U pogonu Elektrolize je rasvjeta najbolja, samo na tri radna mjesta izmjerene vrijednosti su ispod minimalnih, za srednji vidni zahtjev. Razlog tako velikog broja radnih mjesta s neodgovarajućom razinom osvijetljenosti je u neodržavanju rasvjetnih tijela.The paper explores the problems of workplace lighting in aluminium industry. For this purpose, the results of mandatory periodic measurements of physical factors at the workplaces in the factory were used. The level of illumination was measured in the workplace without the presence of daylight. The measured values were compared with the minimum permitted values set in the existing standards. The majority of workplaces have low visual task requirements, 97 (61.4%) while 61 (38.6%) of workplaces have high visual task requirements. The lower intensity of illumination was measured in 56 (33.9%) workplaces: in 39 (69.6%) with low visual task requirements and 17 (30.4%) with high visual task requirements. The greatest number of workplaces where the level of illumination did not meet the minimum requirements was in the Anode Plant (48.9%), and in the Cast House (39.1%). In the Electrolysis Plant lighting was the best, where only three workplaces had values below those recommended. The causes of inadequate lighting were found to be in poor maintenance and irregular lighting inspections

LIGHTING IN ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY WORK ENVIRONMENT

U radu je istražen problem rasvjete radnih mjesta u aluminijskoj industriji. U tu svrhu primijenjeni su rezultati obveznih periodičkih mjerenja fizikalnih čimbenika na radnim mjestima u radnim prostorima tvornice. Razina osvijetljenosti mjerena je bez prisutnosti dnevnog svjetla. Izmjerene vrijednosti uspoređivane su s minimalno dopuštenim vrijednostima prema postojećem Standardu. Najveći broj radnih mjesta ima mali vidni zahtjev, njih 97 (61.4%) dok je 61 (38.6%) sa srednjim vidnim zahtjevom. Intenzitet osvijetljenosti niži od propisane vrijednosti izmjeren je na 56 (33.9%) radnih mjesta: na 39 (69.6%) s malim vidnim zahtjevom i na 17 (30.4%) sa srednjim vidnim zahtjevom. Najveći broj radnih mjesta gdje razina osvijetljenosti ne zadovoljava minimalne uvjete izmjeren je u pogonu Anoda (48.9%). U tom je pogonu i najveći broj radnih mjesta s malim vidnim zahtjevima, više od 60%. Loša rasvjeta izmjerena je i u pogonu Ljevaonica (39.1%). U pogonu Elektrolize je rasvjeta najbolja, samo na tri radna mjesta izmjerene vrijednosti su ispod minimalnih, za srednji vidni zahtjev. Razlog tako velikog broja radnih mjesta s neodgovarajućom razinom osvijetljenosti je u neodržavanju rasvjetnih tijela.The paper explores the problems of workplace lighting in aluminium industry. For this purpose, the results of mandatory periodic measurements of physical factors at the workplaces in the factory were used. The level of illumination was measured in the workplace without the presence of daylight. The measured values were compared with the minimum permitted values set in the existing standards. The majority of workplaces have low visual task requirements, 97 (61.4%) while 61 (38.6%) of workplaces have high visual task requirements. The lower intensity of illumination was measured in 56 (33.9%) workplaces: in 39 (69.6%) with low visual task requirements and 17 (30.4%) with high visual task requirements. The greatest number of workplaces where the level of illumination did not meet the minimum requirements was in the Anode Plant (48.9%), and in the Cast House (39.1%). In the Electrolysis Plant lighting was the best, where only three workplaces had values below those recommended. The causes of inadequate lighting were found to be in poor maintenance and irregular lighting inspections

THE NEED FOR INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

It is a well-known fact that healthy environment is a basic prerequisite for preserving people’s health and quality of life. Various symptoms of environmental crisis, perceptible worldwide in their various forms, are giving a clear warning that current civilization development patterns, unless significant changes and reversals occur, are unsustainable. The paper gives an overview of actual national state of the environment. It is pointed out that institutions whose competence involves the management of particular segments of the environment are insufficiently interconnected, and thus against insufficiently developed environmental awareness and the prevailing adverse economic conditions, render difficult any positive development with regard to restoring to measures for recovery and improvement aimed at preserving good quality of the environment. It is furthermore pointed out that rational and in the long-term efficient environmental protection at national level may be achieved and maintained only if considering the state of environment in its integrity, and by taking the measures and implementing the solutions based on an interdisciplinary expert approach accompanied by holistic management. In order to increase the efficiency of environmental protection, it is certainly indispensable to achieve inter-institutional integration and action while considering and contemplating individual environmental components as an integral corpus - indivisible ecosystem

Differences in Eating and Lifestyle Habits between First- and Sixth-Year Medical Students from Zagreb

Eating and lifestyle habits of first (n=169) and sixth (n=272) year students, aged 18 to 26 years, attending a Medical School in Zagreb, were compared related to the years of study. A self-administered questionnaire created for this study incorporated a food frequency questionnaire. Both year students reported similar number of meals per day, irregular consumption of meals, skipping breakfast, frequency of vegetables, fruits, cereals, sweets, milk and dairy products consumption, body mass index (BMI) calculated from self-reported weight and height and alcohol consumption. Significant differences between groups were observed in consuming supper (p=0.001), being on diet (p=0.032), intake of supplements (p=0.041), meat (p<0.001), dried meat (p=0.027), coffee and tea consumption (p=0.016), physical activity (p=0.041; p=0.016), and smoking (p=0.029). This study showed non-healthy eating and lifestyle behavior among Medical School students. We observed association between the year of study, and some of the eating habits and lifestyle factors