Effect of nitrogen fertilization rate and type of nitrogen fertilizer on agronomic and morphological traits of flue-cured tobacco

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi učinak gnojidbe dušikom (N) od 30 odnosno od 45 kg/ha, kao i trima komercijalnim dušičnim gnojivima, CaNO3 (15% N), KAN (27% N) i YaraMilaTM Cropcare (8:11:23), na agronomska svojstva: prinos, cijenu i vrijednost suhoga lista, kao i na šest morfoloških svojstava duhana tipa virdžinija. U poljski pokus, proveden u četiri okoline, bila su uključena tri hrvatska kultivara duhana. Gnojidba dušikom imala je signifikantan učinak samo na komponente prinosa: duljinu, širinu i površinu 9. lista, čije su vrijednosti kod gnojidbe s 45 kg N/ha bile za 2,2; 3,5 odnosno 5,8% veće u odnosu na gnojidbu s 30 kg N/ha. Tip korištenoga dušičnog gnojiva nije imao signifikantan učinak niti na jedno ispitivano svojstvo. Uzorak korelacija između morfoloških i gospodarskih svojstava bio je pod utjecajem okoline, kao i razine gnojidbe. Iako nije utvrđen učinak gnojidbe na gospodarska svojstva, signifikantno povećanje komponenata prinosa kod gnojidbe s 45 kg N/ha, u usporedbi s 30 kg N/ha, upućuje na višu razinu gnojidbe kao jamstvo osiguranja visokih i stabilnih prinosa te kvalitete osušenoga lista.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization rate of 30 and 45 N kg/ha, as well as three commercial N fertilizers, CaNO3 (15% N), KAN (27% N) and YaraMilaTM Cropcare (8:11:23) on the agronomic traits: yield, price, and value, as well as six morphological traits of flue-cured tobacco. The field experiments, which included three Croatian tobacco cultivars, were conducted in four environments. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect only on yield components: length, width and area of the 9th leaf, whose values for fertilization with 45 kg N/ha were 2.2%, 3.5%, and 5.8% higher, respectively, compared to fertilization with 30 kg N/ha. The type of N fertilizer did not have a significant effect on any of the traits. The pattern of correlations between morphological and economic traits was influenced by the environment, as well as by the level of fertilization. Although no effect of fertilization level on economic traits was found, the significant increase in yield components at 45 kg N/ha compared to 30 kg N/ha suggests a higher level of fertilization as a guarantee of ensuring high and stable yields and quality of the cured leaf

PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OF SEEDS OF TOBACCO

Duhan, Nicotiana tabacum L., tipovi virdžinija i berlej, se u Hrvatskoj danas uzgaja na oko 3600 ha. Samooplodna je biljna vrsta. Stranooplodnja je insektima, do 2%. U proizvodnji su zastupljeni linijski (sorte) i hibridni kultivari (hibridi), domaće selekcije. U radu je opisana proizvodnja sjemena ovih kultivara. Kod proizvodnje sjemenskog duhana proizvodne mjere i mjere zaštite su iste, osim otkidanja cvata, kao i kod duhana koji se uzgaja za list.Umnažanje predosnovnog i osnovnog sjemena i sjemena linijskih kultivara je samooplodnjom, a hibridnog sjemena križanjem majčinske (citoplazmatski muško sterilne) s očinskom (fertilnom) oplemenjivačkom linijom. Održavanje sterilnog analoga majčinske linije je povratnim križanjem s fertilnim analogom, a oržavanje fertilnog analoga majčinske linije i fertilne očinske komponente je samooplodnjom. Kod prirodne samooplodnje jedna biljka duhana proizvede do 25 grama sjemena, a kod ručnog oprašivanja do 15 grama. U jednom gramu naturalnog sjemena ima 10000 – 12000 sjemenki. U širokoj proizvodnji rasad se može proizvesti iz naturalnog, piliranog i naklijalog piliranog sjemena. Sjeme zadrži klijavost oko 10 godina uskladišteno na temperaturi od 9 do 10 ºC i relativnoj vlazi zraka od 50%.Today, burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is grown in Croatia on about 3600 ha. Tobacco is a self-pollinated species. Cross-pollination by insects, is seldom more than 2%. In commercial production pure line and CMS hybrid cultivars are grown. In this paper seed production of the above cultivar is presented. In the tobacco seed production the same growing practices as in leaf production, except flower topping, are used. Mintaining prebasic (breeder) and basic seed and pure line cutivar certified seed is by self-pollination. Production of hybrid seed is by hand pollinating the CMS female inbred with pollen of the fertile male inbred. Maintaining the sterile female inbred analog is by backcrossing it with its fertile analog. Maintaining the fertile inbred is by selfpollination. Naturally self-pollinated tobacco plant yields about 25 grams of seed whereas in hybrid seed production usually about 10 to 15 grams of seed per plant are produced. One gram of raw seed contains 10000 to 12000 seeds. For commercial tobacco production row, pelleted or pregerminated pelleted seed can be used. Under the storage conditions of 9 to 10 ºC and 50% relative humidity the seed can maintain viability for 10 years

TOBACO SEED PRODUCTION IN CROATIA

U Hrvatskoj se na oko 6000 ha proizvede godišnje oko 12 000 000 kg duhana (N. tabacum L.) tipa virdžinija i berlej. U proizvodnji je preko 95% zastupljen domaći sortiment (F1 linijski hibiridi) razvijen u suradnji Agronomskog fakulteta Zagreb i Hrvatskih duhana, P.C. Kutjevo. Najzastupljeniji hibridi virdžinije u proizvodnji su DH17, DH12, DH14 i K7, a berleja BH2 i BH4. Sjemenska proizvodnja ovih hibrida izvodi se u Hrvatskim duhanima P.C. Kutjevo (kontinentalna klima, glinasto-ilovasto tlo). Roditelji u hibridima su oplemenjivačke linije dobrog prinosa i kvalitete osušenog lista, otporne na krumpirov virus Y (PVY). Proizvodnja sjemena F1 hibrida je na bazi citoplazmatsko muške sterilnosti (CMS) unešene u majčinsku liniju povratnim križanjem. Sjemenska proizvodnja obuhvaća održavanje majčinske (CMS i F analoga) i očinske linije i križanje CMS majčinske sa fertilnom očinskom linijom. Vodi se računa o odstranjivanju biljaka sa alelom za konverziju nikotina u nornikotin. Postupak proizvodnje hibridnog sjemena je nanošenje godinu dana ranije ubranog polena očinske linije čuvanog na temperaturi od -18 do -20°C na tučak majčinske CMS linije. Križanje (nanošenje polena) radi se od sredine srpnja do sredine rujna. Od oplodnje do zrelosti ploda treba oko mjesec dana. Ubrani tobolci se suše na temperaturi od 30-32°C. Očišćeno se sjeme čuva u uvjetima temperature 5-10°C i relativne vlage zraka ispod 30%. Sjeme zadrži klijavost preko 5 godina. Za uzgoj duhanskog rasada u hidroponskom sistemu koristi se pilirano sjeme koje se čuva u zatvorenim limenim posudama. U takvim posudama pilirano sjeme zadrži klijavost najmanje godinu dana. Sjeme proizvedeno opisanom tehnologijom ima visoku klijavost ( > 95%) i energiju klijanja.In Croatia on a little over 6000 ha about 12 million kg of flue-cured and burley tobacco is produced annually. Mostly domestic varieties (F1 two line hybrids) are grown. The hybrids have been developed in collaboration between Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb and Croatian Tobaccos, P.C. Kutjevo. Mostly grown flue-cured hybrids are DH17, DH12,DH14 and K7, and burley hybrids BH2 and BH4. Seed production is done in the Croatian tobaccos, P.C. Kutjevo (continental climate, loamy soil). The hybrid parents are breeding lines of high yield and cured leaf quality, resistant to Potato virus Y (PVY). The seed production is based on CMS introduced into maternal line by back crossing. It is done in two phases; maintaining parental lines, and producing F1 hybrid seed by crossing the parental lines. Care is taken of discarding nornicotine converting mutants. Pollen used for the F1 hybrid seed is stored for one year at the temperature of -18 to -20°C prior to placing on the maternal parent stigmas. Hybridization is done from middle of July to middle of September. From flower fertilization till maturity of the seeds takes about one month and seed harvesting is finished by middle of October. The harvested seed (capsules) is dryed at 28 to 32°C prior to thrashing. After thrashing the seed is stored at a temperature of 5 to 10°C and air humidity of 30%. Seed is germinable over five years. For float system seedling production seed is pelleted and packed in canes where it can stay stored for over a year. The tobacco seed produced as described above has high germinability (>95%) and uniform germination

GROWING TOBACCO SEEDLINGS ON DIFFERENT FLOAT NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

Rasad virdžinijskih duhanskih hibrida DH16 i DH17 je uzgojen na tri hranidbene otopine i posađen u poljskom pokusu u Kutjevu i Virovitici 2000. i 2001. godine. Pokus je izveden po randomiziranom potpunom blok rasporedu u 4 ponavljanja i sa 4 reda po 22 biljke na pokusnoj parcelici. Srednja dva reda, bez rubnih biljaka (40 biljaka) su korištena za procjenu prinosa, cijene i vrijednosti duhanskog lista nakon berbe i sušenja. Preporučene koncentracije hranjiva u hranjivoj otopini kod nas u proizvodnji su N:P:K= 150:75:150 ppm. U pokusu su korištene koncentracije N 150 i 170, P2O5 75 i 150, te K2O 150 ppm. Analize za sva svojstva rezultirale su značajnim razlikama u okolinama (lokacija x godina), dok je za cijenu i vrijednost signifikantna bila interakcija hibrid x okolina. Obzirom na sortiment, hibrid DH17 je u prosjeku imao nešto bolja gospodarska svojstva od hibrida DH16. Izvor hranjiva u otopini, kao niti njihova koncentracija nisu značajno utjecali na istraživana svojstva duhana. Stoga rezultati upućuju na mogućnost korištenja izvora hranjiva i njihove koncentracije u hranjivoj otopini korištenoj u pokusu za uzgoj rasada hibrida duhana DH16 i DH17.Seedlings of flue cured tobacco hybrid DH16 and DH17 grown in float system on three nutrient solutions were transplanted in a field experiment at two locations in 2000 and 2001. The experiment was organized as RCBD with four replicates and four 22 plant rows per each experimental plot. Middle two rows (40 plants) were used for analyzing yield, price and value. Recommended nutrient concentration for float system in Croatia is N:P:K = 150:75:150 ppm. In the experiment concentration of N was 150 and 170, of P2O5 75 and 150, and of K2O 150 ppm. The obtained data analyses resulted in significant differences between environments (year x location) for all the traits, while hybrid x environment interaction was significant for price and value. Hybrid DH17 was on the average slightly better than DH16 in all the traits. Source of nutrients and nutrient concentration did not have significant effect on the tobacco traits. The obtained results have indicated that the fertilizers and the nutrient concentration applied in the experiment can be used in the commercial tobacco production of the hybrids DH16 and DH17

THE INFLUENCE OF MYCORRIZAL FUNGI INOCULATION ON THE GRAŠEVINA (Vitis vinifera L.) GRAPEVINE CULTIVAR’S PLANT NUTRIENT SUPPLY

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak živoga mikoriznog cjepiva na dinamiku opskrbljenosti biljnim hranivima vinove loze. Pokus je proveden na kultivaru Graševina (Vitis vinifera L.), cijepljenome na podlozi SO4 u uvjetima Vinogorja Kutjevo. Uzgojni oblik je Guyot, s opterećenjem od 10 pupova. U neposrednu blizinu korijenova sustava inokulirano je 20 ml mikorizne suspenzije koja sadrži oko 2000 propagacijskih jedinica živoga mikoriznog micelija. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvama klimatski vrlo različitim godinama. Prvu godinu istraživanja (2014.) karakterizirale su obilne oborine i manje sunčanih dana, što je rezultiralo kasnijom tehnološkom zrelošću grožđa od 34 dana u odnosu na 2015. godinu, koja je u periodu dozrijevanja grožđa bila iznadprosječno topla i suha. U obje godine istraživanja, u uvjetima slabe opskrbljenosti tla organskom tvari, fosforom i kalijem, mikorizna simbioza utjecala je na veći sadržaj fosfora i kalija u suhoj tvari list kultivara Graševine. U godini s više oborina i manje topline utvrđen je veći sadržaj dušika u listovima trsova s mikoriznom simbiozom. U suhim i toplim uvjetima tijekom cijeloga perioda dozrijevanja grožđa povećan je sadržaj kalcija, a opravdano veći sadržaj cinka, mangana i željeza utvrđen je u periodu neposredno prije tehnološke zrelosti grožđa. Nije utvrđen pozitivan utjecaj mikorize na urod, sadržaj šećera i ukupnu kiselost.The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a live mycorrhizal vaccine on the dynamics of grapevine’s plant nutrient supply. The experiment was performed on the Graševina variety (Vitis vinifera L.), grafted on an SO4 rootstock in the conditions of the Kutjevo Vineyards. The training system was Guyot, with a 10‐bud load. In the root system’s immediate vicinity, 20 ml of mycorrhizal suspension containing approximately 2,000 propagation units of a live mycorrhizal mycelium were inoculated. From the viticultural aspect, the research was conducted in two climatically very different years. The first research year (2014) was characterized by an abundant precipitation and less sunny days, resulting in a later technological grape maturity, amounting to 34 days when compared to the year 2015, which was extraordinarily warm and arid during the grape ripening period. In both research years, in the conditions of the soil’s low supply with the organic matter, phosphorus, and potassium, a mycorrhizal symbiosis influenced the higher content of phosphorus and potassium in the Graševina’s dry leaf matter. In a year experiencing more precipitation and less heat, a higher nitrogen content was found in the vine leaves manifesting a mycorrhizal symbiosis. In the dry and warm conditions, the calcium content was increased during the entire period of grape ripening, and a justifiably higher content of zinc, manganese, and iron was found in the period immediately preceding a technological grape ripeness. A positive influence of mycorrhiza on the yield, sugar content, and total acidity was not determined

Rapid transient expression of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in two industrial cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by agroinfiltration

We report the production of hGM-CSF cytokine in leaves of industrial tobacco cultivars DH-17 and DH-27 by using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. We prove the concept that very high biomass industrial tobacco plants are suitable platforms for rapid, low cost production of foreign proteins. Successful transient expression of the GM-CSF was achieved in less than three months, opening the possibility for future applications of this approach in rapid response production of various proteins of non-plant origin in industrial tobacco

Procjena agronomskih svojstava duhana tipa burley pri prihrani mikrokapsulama s dušikom

From 2018 to 2020, an experiment on effects of nitrogen top-dressing was conducted with Burley tobacco on the Zagreb experimental field at the Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment was set up according to the RCBD in four replications. Nitrogen was added to the top-dressing in five different variants: 1) control 100% from CAN; 2) 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules; 3) 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules; 4) 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules with chitosan; and 5) 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan. During vegetation, number of leaves, length and width of the 9th leaf, topping height, and days to flowering were determined. After drying, the yield was determined, and the tobacco was classified into six classes. According to the analysis of variance, significant differences were established for share of I class, width od 9th leaf, topping height days to flowering in 2018, yield, share of VI class in 2019, yield, share of V class, and leaf number in 2020. Significantly, the highest yield had control compared to the variants 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan in 2019 and the variants 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules in 2020. The control had the significantly highest share of I class in 2018. The highest leaf number in 2020 had the control and variant 90% from CAN + 10% from microcapsules with chitosan compared to the variant 80% from CAN + 20% from microcapsules with chitosan. The effect of microencapsulation has not given the expected results.Na Pokušalištu Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (2018. -2020.) postavljen je gnojidbeni pokus s duhanom tipa burley. Pokus je postavljen prema metodi SBR u četiri ponavljanja. U prihranjivanju je dodan dušik u pet različitih varijanti: 1. kontrola – 100% iz KAN gnojiva; 2. 90% iz KAN gnojiva+10% iz mikrokapsula; 3. 80% iz KAN gnojiva +20% iz mikrokapsula; 4. 90% iz KAN gnojiva+10% iz mikrokapsula s kitozanom; 5. 80% iz KAN gnojiva+20% iz mikrokapsula s kitozanom. Tijekom vegetacije određen je broj listova, dužina i širina 9. lista, visina biljke nakon zalamanja i početak cvatnje. Listovi su ručno ubrani i osušeni na zraku u hladu. Nakon sušenja određen je prinos i duhan je klasiran u VI klasa. Na osnovi provedene statističke analize varijance utvrđene su signifikantne razlike u udjelu prve klase, širini 9. lista, visini biljke nakon zalamanja i početku cvatnje u 2018., u prinosu i udjelu VI. klase u 2019., te prinosu, udjelu V. klase i broju listova u 2020. godini. Signifikantno najveći prinos imala je kontrola u odnosu na varijantu 80% prihrane iz KAN-a + 20% prihrane iz mikrokapsula s kitozanom u 2019. odnosno varijante s 80% prihrane iz KAN-a + 20% prihrane iz mikrokapsula u 2020. godini. Signifikantno najveći udio prve klase imala je kontrola u 2018. godini. Signifikantno najveći broj listova u 2020. godini imala je kontrola i varijanta 90% prihrane iz KAN-a + 10% prihrane iz mikrokapsula s kitozanom u odnosu na varijantu 80% prihrane iz KAN-a + 20% prihrane iz mikrokapsula s kitozanom. Učinak mikrokapsuliranja nije dao očekivane rezultate