A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION OF CRUDE DRUGS

Herbs are an effective source of Ayurvedic medicine and other traditional medicines as well as modern medicine. Faced with the challenges of modern medicine, the world is shifting toward Ayurvedic theories of health management. In the treatment of the disease, the use of drugs is not limited. This increases the demand for raw materials exponentially. However, production growth is still linear. Rapid depletion of resources creates major problems. To fill the deficit, advances in adulteration and substitution are becoming more prevalent. This adulteration and substitution are a burning problem in an industry that threatens the integrity of Ayurvedic system of medicine. Imprecise knowledge, misidentification, deforestation, and personal gain have led to adulteration. Therefore, an understanding of all ways of adulteration and substitutions is needed to amend this illegal act and maximize consumer safety. This article focuses on adulteration, its types and various methods of adulteration, as well as the concept of substitution, reasoning, and its types. Attempts have also been made to differentiate these two related terms

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, AND MEDICINAL USE OF LEPIDIUM SATIVUM LINN.: A REVIEW

Herbal medicines are in nice demand within the developed additionally as developing countries for primary aid due to their wide biological and medicative activities, higher safety margins, and lesser prices. Lepidium sativum Linn. (Brassicaceae) is annual herb regionally referred to as halon in India, however, usually referred to as garden cress. L. sativum is a fast growing edible plant. Seeds, roots, and leaves of garden cress have economic importance; however, the crop is especially cultivated for seeds. It is a therapeutic vital herb in India. L. sativum has various pharmacological actions such as antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, diuretic activity, hepatoprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity, antiosteoporotic activity, antiasthmatic activity, anti-carcinogenic effect, cardiotonic activity, smooth and skeletal muscles contraction activity, fracture healing property, chemoprotective effects, and hemagglutinating activity. It is used for menstrual cycle regulation, gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and constipation and to increase milk production. It is also reported to exhibit antirheumatic activity. It is also used as an immunity booster and brain intellect enhancer agent as traditional medicine. So that this review reveal that L. sativum is a source of medicinally active compounds and have a variety of pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create focus toward L. sativum and may be useful in developing new formulations with more therapeutic and to provide a direction for advance research

SYNTHESIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF 1-(6-NITRO-2H-BENZO[b][1,4]THIAZINE-3(4H)-YLIDENE)HYDRAZINE-1,1-DIOXIDE DERIVATIVES

Objective: The objective of this research was to synthesize and evaluate anti-microbial properties of 1-(6-nitro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazine-3(4H)-ylidene)hydrazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives.Methods: These new compounds were synthesized by reaction of 2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3(4H)-one with hydrazine derivatives and oxidized at the sulfur atom by 30% hydrogen peroxide to obtain sulfones. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method.Results: The FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass studies confirms the synthesis of some new 1-(6-nitro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazine-3(4H)-ylidene) hydrazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. Compound 5f showed potent antimicrobial activity whereas compounds 5c and 5e showed moderate antimicrobial activity.Conclusion: Result obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the compound 5f having methyl at 2 position and nitro groups at 2′ and 4′ position showed the most potent antimicrobial activity.Â

A VALIDATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VILAZODONE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: In the present research work three simple, accurate, precise methods of the UV-visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the estimation of Vilazodone HCl in bulk and tablet dosage.Methods: Three methods were used for estimation of Vilazodone HCl using methanol. Method A involves zero order spectroscopy at absorption maximum of 241 nm; Method B involves first order derivative at 246.5 nm and Method C involves second-order derivative at 243.5 nm. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines.Results: The developed methods were found to be linear in the concentration range of 1-5 µg/ml. The mean percentage label claim of Vilazodone HCl was within the acceptable range. The accuracy data showed % recovery and % RSD within the range.Conclusion: The developed methods were found to be accurate and precise. The % RSD values were within limits. These methods can be used for the routine analysis of Vilazodone HCl in bulk and tablet dosage form

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity of Ethanolic Fruits Extract of Scindapsus Officinalis (Roxb)

The present research work emphasized on evaluates the Phytochemical & Pharmacological activities of the fruits of Scindapsus Officinalis (Roxb) (Araceae). The fruits of the plant were shade dried, reduced to coarse powder with the help of grinder was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with Petroleum Ether and 90% v/v Ethanol (Emparta). The various extracts were then subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, lipids, alkaloids & steroids. Selection of active extract for in vivo studies was based on preliminary phytochemical tests and in vitro glucose diffusion inhibition potential and accordingly, ethanolic extracts were chosen for further studies. The pharmacological screening included evaluation of the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extracts (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg b.w) on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract was found to be more effective and brought about significant antidiabetic & hypolipidemic potential. This was due to the presence of one or more phytoconstituents present in ethanol extract. Keywords: Scindapsus Officinalis (Roxb); Antidiabetic; Anti-hyperlipidemic; Streptozotocin

Anti-Oxidant Activity of Ethanolic Fruits Extract of Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb)

The in-vitro antioxidant activities of the fruits of Scindapsus Officinalis (Roxb) (Araceae). The fruits of the plant were shade dried with the help of grinder was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with Petroleum Ether and 90% v/v Ethanol. The extracts were screened for quantitative estimation of total flavonoids, tannins, total phenols, and alkaloids. Effect of extracts of Scindapsus officinalis Roxb in 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method was evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activities. The quantity of DPPH reduced could be quantified by measuring a decrease in absorbance at 517 nm. The IC50 value was found to be 45.21and 40.11μg/ml for ethanolic extracts while the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 18.53μg/ml significantly reduced DPPH radical by bleaching it.  The ethanolic extract was found to be near to standard compounds and brought about significant antioxidant potential. This was due to the presence of one or more phytoconstituents present in ethanol extract. Keywords: Scindapsus Officinalis (Roxb); DPPH; antioxidant, ascorbic acid

SYNTHESIS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 1-(4-METHYL-6-NITRO-2H-BENZO[B] [1,4]THIAZINE-3(4H)-YLIDENE)HYDRAZINE-1,1-DIOXIDE DERIVATIVES

  Objective: The objective of this work was to synthesize and evaluate antimicrobial properties of 1-(4-methyl-6-nitro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazine- 3(4H)-ylidene)hydrazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives.Methods: These new compounds were synthesized by methylation in 4-N and reacted with hydrazine derivatives and oxidized at the sulfur atom by 30% hydrogen peroxide to obtain sulfones. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method.Results: The Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13CNMR, and mass studies confirm the synthesis of some new 1-(4-methyl- 6-nitro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]thiazine-3(4H)-ylidene)hydrazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. Compound 6f showed the potent antimicrobial activity.Conclusion: Result obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the compound 6f having methyl at 2 position and nitro groups at 2′ and 4′ position showed the most potent antimicrobial activity

Analgesic Activity of some 1-Phenyl-3-aryl-5- (4-(butanoloxy) phenyl) 1H-pyrazoles

A series of analgesic activity of synthesised 1 -Phenyl-3-aryl- 5-(4-(butanoloxy) phenyl) 1H-pyrazoles were synthesized from chalcones and screened for their in vitro analgesic activity. Chalcones i.e.,1-aryl-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-ones, 1 on reaction with phenyl hydrazine in presence of acetic acid and few drops of hydrochloric acid furnished the corresponding 1-phenyl-3-aryl-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazoles 2 which on further reaction with 4-chloroalkanol yielded the title compounds 3. These compounds were characterized by CHN analyses, IR, mass and 1H NMR spectral data. All the novel synthesised 1-Phenyl-3-aryl-5-(4-(butanoloxy) phenyl) 1H-pyrazoles were evaluated pharmacologically for their analgesic activity and the title synthesised compounds exhibited significant results as compared to standard drug

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE IN PAN MASALA AND GUTKA

Objective: The objective of present study is to detect and quantitatively estimate Magnesium Carbonate, a potential carcinogen used for its anti-caking property in various brands of Pan Masala and Gutka by the simple, economic and effective method.Methods: The water-soluble extract of various brands of Pan Masala and Gutka was prepared by a wrist action rotary shaker for 60 min. The extract was filtered, and the filtrate was titrated against 0.1N EDTA using Eriochrome Black T indicator at pH 10 and using Murexide indicator at pH 12.Results: The presence of Magnesium Carbonate was found to be less than 2% in all brands of Pan Masala and less than 3% in all brands of Gutka samples used in the analysis.Conclusion: There is Magnesium Carbonate used in all brands of Pan Masala and Gutka used in the present study

ISOLATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND IN VITRO ANTILITHIATIC BY TITRIMETIC METHOD, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY BY 1,1- DIPHENYL -2- PICRYL HYDRAZYL SCAVENGING ASSAY METHOD OF ALCOHOLIC ROOTS & RHIZOMES EXTRACT OF HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM J. KOENIG PLANT SPECIES

ABSTRACTObjective: The herbal medicines do not have any side effect and it is cost effective and safest medicine from an ancient periods. Urolithiasis or Lithiasisis a consequence of complex physical processes. The major factors are supersaturation of urine with the offending salt and crystallization. Crystalsretained in kidney can become nucleus for stone formation. This process is synonymously known as Urolithiasis or Lithiasis or Nephrolithiasis orKidney stones or renal calculi. Calcium-containing stones are the most common comprising about 75% of all urinary calculi, which may be in theform of pure calcium oxalate (50%) or calcium phosphate (5%) and a mixture of both (45%). In this study, ethanolic & aqueous extracts of roots andrhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig plant were evaluated for their potential to dissolve experimentally prepared kidney stones like calciumoxalate by titrimetic method with an invitro model and Antioxidant activity performed by DPPH scavenging assay method. Phytoconstituents werealso isolated by chromatographic techniques of this plant species.Method: For performing invitro antilithiatic activity titrimetic method was adopted and for antioxidant activity 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) scavenging assay method was adopted. Phytoconstituents were isolated by column and thin layer chromatographic techniques.Results & Conclusion: Ethanolic roots & rhizomes extract of this plant produced highest dissolution of stones when compare to standard drugcystone and at 10 mg. concentration. Also this study showed alcoholic extract of roots & rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig plant in higherconcentration possess best antioxidant potential as compare to standard ascorbic acid with IC50 value 9.0 and 18.9 μg/ml. for ascorbic acid andalcoholic extract respectively. Isolated phytoconstituent from alcoholic extract of this plant was 8a, hydroxy hedychilactone and its structure wasconfirmed by IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopic datas.Keywords: Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig, Urolithiasis, Kidney stones, Calcium oxalate, Antioxidants, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl etc