Virulence genes in the STEC/ETEC genomes.

<p>Virulence genes in the STEC/ETEC genomes.</p

Phylogenetic placement of STEC/ETEC chromosomes using restriction-based and <i>in silico</i> whole genome maps.

<p>STEC/ETEC chromosomal maps (red boxes) were compared to other <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>Shigella</i> spp. chromosomal maps. Similarities were calculated using UPGMA algorithm.</p

Phylogenetic placement of STEC/ETEC strains using core genome MLST and sequence alignment.

<p>UPGMA tree based on aligned sequences of the defined <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> core genome genes (n = 1341) showing the phylogenetic relationship of the three STEC/ETEC genomes and 73 additional <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> and <i>Shigella</i> spp. strains. The different pathogroups, STEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, EAEC, AIEC (adherent/invasive <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>), APEC (avian pathogenic <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>), UPEC (uropathogenic <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>), ExPEC (extraintestinal pathogenic <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>), MNEC (meningitis causing <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>), commensal, and environmental <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> are marked by colors. The reference genomes STEC O139:H1 S1191, ETEC UMNF18, STEC O2:H25 7v, STEC O8:H19 MHI813, and STEC O73:H18 C165-02 were previously characterized as STEC/ETEC hybrids [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135936#pone.0135936.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135936#pone.0135936.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>]. The reference genomes ETEC O6 E8, ETEC O6 E66, ETEC O78 E36, ETEC O25 E135, ETEC O115 E21, ETEC ON3 E562, ETEC O169 E344, ETEC O148 E222, ETEC O27 E220, ETEC O114 E934, ETEC O159 E159, ETEC O15 E330, ETEC O112ab E399, and ETEC ON5 E620 represent the phylogenetic lineages L1-L14 of the ETEC pathogroup, respectively [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135936#pone.0135936.ref017" target="_blank">17</a>].</p

Whole genome map comparison of STEC/ETEC strains.

<p>Areas in blue are common between two maps, areas in white are unique to the map in which they are contained, and areas in red are matching more than once. (A) Comparison between IH53473 and IH57218, (B) comparison between IH53473 and FE95160, and (C) comparison between IH57218 and FE95160.</p

Frequency of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> in human isolates.^a

<p>^atested by PCR.</p><p>Frequency of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> in human isolates.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142367#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a></p

Differentially down-regulated (FC < -2.50) genes in Δ<i>tynA</i>.^a

<p>^aComparisons to wt bacteria were made at the 4 hr time point</p><p>Differentially down-regulated (FC < -2.50) genes in Δ<i>tynA</i>.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142367#t003fn001" target="_blank">^a</a></p

ECAO is able to use human granulocytes as a substrate.

<p>We detected the production of H₂O₂ by ECAO when granulocytes were the only source of substrate (Cells + ECAO), and the activity was inhibited by semicarbazide (Cells + ECAO + SC). The activity is significantly higher than without ECAO (Cells only, <i>p</i> = 0.0003; cells with SC, <i>p</i> = 0.0004; without cells, <i>p</i> = 0.017, and with added SC inhibitor [Cells+ECAO+SC], <i>p</i> = 0.004). The mean of three independent experiments is shown ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated with paired t-test.</p

Different ECAO inhibitors.

<p>(A) The relative inhibition of ECAO by semicarbazide (SC) and (B) the hAOC3 inhibitor BTT-2052. (C) The effect of different aminoglycosides (1 mM) on the activity of ECAO (** <i>p</i> < 0.01). (D) The inhibition curves of different aminoglycosides on ECAO activity. (E) The pairwise comparison of inhibition curves between BTT-2052 and amikacin.</p

Differentially up-regulated (FC > 2.50) genes in <i>ΔtynA</i>.^a

<p>^aComparisons to wt <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> were done at the 4 h time point.</p><p>Differentially up-regulated (FC > 2.50) genes in <i>ΔtynA</i>.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142367#t004fn001" target="_blank">^a</a></p

Frequency of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> in environmental isolates.^a

<p>^atested by PCR.</p><p>Frequency of <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> in environmental isolates.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142367#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a></p