Scientific Numerical Pattern in Stringed-Fretted Musical Instrument

Music, a creative art has a strong foundation on science and mathematics. Source of music can vary from vocal chord to various types of musical instruments. One of the popular stringed and fretted musical instrument, the guitar has been discussed here. The structure of the guitar is based on mathematical and scientific concepts. Harmonics and frequency play pivotal role in generation of music from a guitar. In this paper, the authors have investigated various factors related to the structure of a guitar. Aspects related to the musical notes of a guitar have been analyzed to gain a better insight into the mathematical pattern involved in the music of a guitar

Aberrant stem cell and developmental programs in pediatric leukemia

Hematopoiesis is a finely orchestrated process, whereby hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all mature blood cells. Crucially, they maintain the ability to self-renew and/or differentiate to replenish downstream progeny. This process starts at an embryonic stage and continues throughout the human lifespan. Blood cancers such as leukemia occur when normal hematopoiesis is disrupted, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and a block in differentiation of progenitors of a particular lineage (myeloid or lymphoid). Although normal stem cell programs are crucial for tissue homeostasis, these can be co-opted in many cancers, including leukemia. Myeloid or lymphoid leukemias often display stem cell-like properties that not only allow proliferation and survival of leukemic blasts but also enable them to escape treatments currently employed to treat patients. In addition, some leukemias, especially in children, have a fetal stem cell profile, which may reflect the developmental origins of the disease. Aberrant fetal stem cell programs necessary for leukemia maintenance are particularly attractive therapeutic targets. Understanding how hijacked stem cell programs lead to aberrant gene expression in place and time, and drive the biology of leukemia, will help us develop the best treatment strategies for patients

Quality testing of staple yarn by an instrument with dual sensing and its comparative study with capacitive sensing

An instrument employing both image processing and optical sensing in a single run has been developed to evaluate yarn quality parameters such as irregularity, imperfections and hairiness. Dedicated software, inbuilt within the system, is also developed, which measures the attributes from both the sensors, and a best fit representation is made. The irregularity and imperfections obtained from proposed instrument are compared with those obtained from universally accepted capacitive sensing Uster tester, whereas hairs/meter are compared with Zweigle tester. The cotton, cotton-polyester blended and jute yarns have been tested in all the systems. The repeatability and reliability of results in both image processing and optical sensing are found insignificant in 5% confidence level. It is observed that the yarns with diameter value up to 0.65 mm can be evaluated by optical sensor, but above this threshold, image processing may be done successfully. Uster tester result mostly corroborates with image processing. Optical sensor shows higher values than image processing

Aberrant stem cell and developmental programs in pediatric leukemia

Hematopoiesis is a finely orchestrated process, whereby hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all mature blood cells. Crucially, they maintain the ability to self-renew and/or differentiate to replenish downstream progeny. This process starts at an embryonic stage and continues throughout the human lifespan. Blood cancers such as leukemia occur when normal hematopoiesis is disrupted, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and a block in differentiation of progenitors of a particular lineage (myeloid or lymphoid). Although normal stem cell programs are crucial for tissue homeostasis, these can be co-opted in many cancers, including leukemia. Myeloid or lymphoid leukemias often display stem cell-like properties that not only allow proliferation and survival of leukemic blasts but also enable them to escape treatments currently employed to treat patients. In addition, some leukemias, especially in children, have a fetal stem cell profile, which may reflect the developmental origins of the disease. Aberrant fetal stem cell programs necessary for leukemia maintenance are particularly attractive therapeutic targets. Understanding how hijacked stem cell programs lead to aberrant gene expression in place and time, and drive the biology of leukemia, will help us develop the best treatment strategies for patients

The fetal pathogenesis of Down syndrome-associated leukaemias

Children with Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) have markedly increased susceptibility to acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (AMKL) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) which, at least for AMKL, have their origin in fetal life. My project aims to identify and characterise abnormalities in haematopoiesis in human fetal DS in order to understand how T21 leads to the increase in leukaemia susceptibility in DS. Since both AMKL and ALL are increased in DS, I first investigated the hypothesis that T21 perturbs the earliest multipotent progenitor (MPP) and/or haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and found that the HSC compartment is always expanded in DS FL compared to normal FL and that this had markedly increased CD7 expression. The DS FL HSC/ MPP compartment was also functionally abnormal with increased clonogenicity and megakaryocyte-erythroid potential and a distinct gene expression signature. Since no mutations in GATA1 or JAK2 were detected, my data support a direct role for T21 in the abnormalities of HSC number and function. To investigate whether differences in the FL microenvironment contribute to the abnormal HSC/myeloid progenitor compartment in DS FL, I analysed HSC/progenitors in fetal BM in DS by flow cytometry and in vitro assays. Although both MEP and myeloid progenitor/HSC clonogenicity and self-renewal were increased, this was less marked than in DS FL, indicating the effects of T21 are not limited to FL haematopoiesis but also supporting a role for the HSC/progenitor microenvironment. To investigate the role of T21 in initiation of ALL, I tested the hypothesis that T21 perturbs lymphopoiesis by characterising the lymphoid progenitor population in FL and fetal BM. I found a marked reduction in B progenitors, particularly at the committed B progenitor (CBP) level in DS FL and fetal BM which was confirmed by in vitro lymphoid cultures and gene expression patterns. These studies have characterised normal human fetal haematopoiesis for the first time and show that HSC, MPP and LMPP populations with full lymphoid differentiation are present in FL indicating that FL, and not just BM, is an active site of lymphopoiesis during fetal life which has implications for the origin of infant ALL. I have also demonstrated that T21 perturbs haematopoiesis at the HSC level, leading both to myeloid progenitor expansion and a block to B-cell differentiation. These findings increase our understanding of the role of T21 in initiating and maintaining leukaemia-initiating cells and suggest a tractable model for investigating the effects of aneuploidy on cell growth and differentiation

SLE in Pregnancy

Systemic lupus erythematosus is specially a disease of young women in their child bearing age. It has been found that SLE disease activity can repair in pregnancy even though patient is in complete remission state before the pregnancy. Besides this, pregnancy complications are higher in SLE patients. Another important issue is the use of drugs to control SLE because some of these drugs are potentially terotogenic. Fetal outcome is also a challenging issue. Therefore, multidisciplinary approach has key role in the management of Lupus pregnancy.Key words: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); Lupus pregnancy; Lupus flare; Anti-phospholipid Antibody Syndrome;Neonatal Lupus Syndrome; Congenital heart block.DOI: 10.3329/bsmmuj.v3i1.5517BSMMU J 2010; 3(1): 54-5

SLE in Pregnancy

Systemic lupus erythematosus is specially a disease of young women in their child bearing age. It has been found that SLE disease activity can repair in pregnancy even though patient is in complete remission state before the pregnancy. Besides this, pregnancy complications are higher in SLE patients. Another important issue is the use of drugs to control SLE because some of these drugs are potentially terotogenic. Fetal outcome is also a challenging issue. Therefore, multidisciplinary approach has key role in the management of Lupus pregnancy.Key words: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); Lupus pregnancy; Lupus flare; Anti-phospholipid Antibody Syndrome;Neonatal Lupus Syndrome; Congenital heart block.DOI: 10.3329/bsmmuj.v3i1.5517BSMMU J 2010; 3(1): 54-5